Although there have been many studies reporting the attitudes of medical students to the clinical importance of gross anatomy, little is known about their opinions concerning the clinical importance of embryology. Using Thurstone and Chave methods to assess attitudes, nearly 1,600 medical students across Europe in the early stages of their training provided responses to a survey that tested the hypothesis that they do not regard embryology as highly clinically relevant. Indeed, we further proposed that student attitudes to gross anatomy are much more positive than those toward embryology. Our findings show that our hypotheses hold, regardless of the university and country surveyed and regardless of the teaching methods employed for embryology. Clearly, embryology has a significant part to play in medical education in terms of understanding prenatal life, of appreciating how the organization of the mature human body has developed, and of providing essential information for general medical practice, obstetrics and pediatrics, and teratology. However, while newly recruited medical students understand the importance of gross anatomy in the development of professional competence, understanding the importance of embryology requires teachers, medical educationalists, and devisors of medical curricula to pay special attention to informing students of the significant role played by embryology in attaining clinical competence and achieving the knowledge and understanding of the biomedical sciences that underpins becoming a learned member of a health care profession.

1st Faculty of Medicine Institute of Histology and Embryology Charles University Prague Albertov 4 128 01 Prague 2 Czech Republic

Cardiff School of Biosciences Cardiff University Museum Avenue Cardiff Wales CF10 3AX United Kingdom

Department of Anatomy University of Malta Tal Qroqq Msida Malta

Department of Morphological Sciences Division of Anatomy Faculty of Medicine C Davila University Bucharest Romania

Division of Clinical and Functional Anatomy Medical University of Innsbruck Müllerstrasse 59 Innsbruck 6020 Austria

Laboratory of Histology Embryology and Anthropology Faculty of Medicine Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki 54124 Greece

NOVA Medical School |Faculty of Medical Sciences NOVA University of Lisbon Campo Dos Martires Da Patria 130 Lisboa 1169 056 Portugal

University of Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité URDIA EA 4465 Paris France

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