The hard tick Ixodes ricinus is an important disease vector whose salivary secretions mediate blood-feeding success on vertebrate hosts, including humans. Here we describe the expression profiles and downstream analysis of de novo-discovered microRNAs (miRNAs) expressed in I. ricinus salivary glands and saliva. Eleven tick-derived libraries were sequenced to produce 67,375,557 Illumina reads. De novo prediction yielded 67 bona fide miRNAs out of which 35 are currently not present in miRBase. We report for the first time the presence of microRNAs in tick saliva, obtaining furthermore molecular indicators that those might be of exosomal origin. Ten out of these microRNAs are at least 100 times more represented in saliva. For the four most expressed microRNAs from this subset, we analyzed their combinatorial effects upon their host transcriptome using a novel in silico target network approach. We show that only the inclusion of combinatorial effects reveals the functions in important pathways related to inflammation and pain sensing. A control set of highly abundant microRNAs in both saliva and salivary glands indicates no significant pathways and a far lower number of shared target genes. Therefore, the analysis of miRNAs from pure tick saliva strongly supports the hypothesis that tick saliva miRNAs can modulate vertebrate host homeostasis and represents the first direct evidence of tick miRNA-mediated regulation of vertebrate host gene expression at the tick-host interface. As such, the herein described miRNAs may support future drug discovery and development projects that will also experimentally question their predicted molecular targets in the vertebrate host.

Bioinformatics Group Department of Computer Science Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics University of Leipzig D 04107 Leipzig Germany ecSeq Bioinformatics D 04275 Leipzig Germany

Biology Center of the Czech Academy of Sciences 37005 Budweis Czech Republic

Computational Genomics and Bioinformatics Group Genetics Department University of Granada 18071 Granada Spain Laboratorio de Bioinformática Centro de Investigación Biomédica PTS 18100 Granada Spain

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