Adaptive radiation occurs when species diversify rapidly to occupy an array of ecological niches. As opportunities for parasite infection and transmission may greatly vary among these niches, adaptive radiation is expected to be associated with a turnover of the parasite community. As major agents of natural and sexual selection, parasites may play a central role in host diversification. The study of parasite turnover may thus be of general relevance and could significantly improve our understanding of adaptive radiation. In this study, we examined the parasite faunas of eleven species belonging to the tribe Tropheini, one of several adaptive radiations of cichlid fishes in Lake Tanganyika. The most parsimonious ancestral foraging strategy among the Tropheini is relatively unselective substrate browsing of aufwuchs. Several lineages evolved more specialized foraging strategies, such as selective combing of microscopic diatoms or picking of macro-invertebrates. We found that representatives of these specialized lineages bear reduced infection with food-web-transmitted acanthocephalan helminths, but not with parasites with a direct life cycle. Possibly, the evolution of selective foraging strategies entailed reduced ingestion of intermediate invertebrate hosts of acanthocephalans. We conclude that some species belonging to the Tropheini virtually escape acanthocephalan infection as a by-product of trophic specialization.

Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution University of Leuven Leuven Belgium

Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics University of Leuven Leuven Belgium

Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics University of Leuven Leuven Belgium Capacities for Biodiversity and Sustainable Development Operational Directorate Natural Environment Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences Brussels Belgium Department of Botany and Zoology Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic Hasselt University Centre for Environmental Sciences Research Group Zoology Biodiversity and Toxicology Diepenbeek Belgium

Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics University of Leuven Leuven Belgium Department of Biology Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture Nord University Bodø Norway

Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Population Biology University of Leuven Leuven Belgium

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