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Ancient genomes reveal a high diversity of Mycobacterium leprae in medieval Europe
VJ. Schuenemann, C. Avanzi, B. Krause-Kyora, A. Seitz, A. Herbig, S. Inskip, M. Bonazzi, E. Reiter, C. Urban, D. Dangvard Pedersen, GM. Taylor, P. Singh, GR. Stewart, P. Velemínský, J. Likovsky, A. Marcsik, E. Molnár, G. Pálfi, V. Mariotti, A....
Language English Country United States
Document type Historical Article, Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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- MeSH
- History, Medieval MeSH
- DNA, Bacterial genetics history MeSH
- Phylogeny MeSH
- Phylogeography MeSH
- Genetic Variation MeSH
- Genome, Bacterial MeSH
- Host-Pathogen Interactions genetics MeSH
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide MeSH
- Leprosy epidemiology history microbiology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Evolution, Molecular MeSH
- Mycobacterium leprae classification genetics pathogenicity MeSH
- Check Tag
- History, Medieval MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Historical Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Geographicals
- Europe epidemiology MeSH
Studying ancient DNA allows us to retrace the evolutionary history of human pathogens, such as Mycobacterium leprae, the main causative agent of leprosy. Leprosy is one of the oldest recorded and most stigmatizing diseases in human history. The disease was prevalent in Europe until the 16th century and is still endemic in many countries with over 200,000 new cases reported annually. Previous worldwide studies on modern and European medieval M. leprae genomes revealed that they cluster into several distinct branches of which two were present in medieval Northwestern Europe. In this study, we analyzed 10 new medieval M. leprae genomes including the so far oldest M. leprae genome from one of the earliest known cases of leprosy in the United Kingdom-a skeleton from the Great Chesterford cemetery with a calibrated age of 415-545 C.E. This dataset provides a genetic time transect of M. leprae diversity in Europe over the past 1500 years. We find M. leprae strains from four distinct branches to be present in the Early Medieval Period, and strains from three different branches were detected within a single cemetery from the High Medieval Period. Altogether these findings suggest a higher genetic diversity of M. leprae strains in medieval Europe at various time points than previously assumed. The resulting more complex picture of the past phylogeography of leprosy in Europe impacts current phylogeographical models of M. leprae dissemination. It suggests alternative models for the past spread of leprosy such as a wide spread prevalence of strains from different branches in Eurasia already in Antiquity or maybe even an origin in Western Eurasia. Furthermore, these results highlight how studying ancient M. leprae strains improves understanding the history of leprosy worldwide.
Center for Bioinformatics University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
Department of Anthropology National Museum Prague Czech Republic
Department of Archaeogenetics Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History Jena Germany
Department of Archaeology University of Southampton Southampton United Kingdom
Department of Biological Anthropology University of Szeged Szeged Hungary
Department of Biology University of Florence Firenze Italy
Global Health Institute Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
Historic England Portsmouth United Kingdom
Institute for Archaeological Sciences University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology Kiel University Kiel Germany
McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research University of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom
Unit of Anthropology Department of Forensic Medicine University of Southern Denmark Odense S Denmark
References provided by Crossref.org
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