Freshwater environments teem with microbes that do not have counterparts in culture collections or genetic data available in genomic repositories. Currently, our apprehension of evolutionary ecology of freshwater bacteria is hampered by the difficulty to establish organism models for the most representative clades. To circumvent the bottlenecks inherent to the cultivation-based techniques, we applied ecogenomics approaches in order to unravel the evolutionary history and the processes that drive genome architecture in hallmark freshwater lineages from the phylum Planctomycetes. The evolutionary history inferences showed that sediment/soil Planctomycetes transitioned to aquatic environments, where they gave rise to new freshwater-specific clades. The most abundant lineage was found to have the most specialised lifestyle (increased regulatory genetic circuits, metabolism tuned for mineralization of proteinaceous sinking aggregates, psychrotrophic behaviour) within the analysed clades and to harbour the smallest freshwater Planctomycetes genomes, highlighting a genomic architecture shaped by niche-directed evolution (through loss of functions and pathways not needed in the newly acquired freshwater niche).

Department of Aquatic Microbial Ecology Institute of Hydrobiology Biology Centre CAS Na Sádkách 702 7 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic

Department of Aquatic Microbial Ecology Institute of Hydrobiology Biology Centre CAS Na Sádkách 702 7 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic Limnological Station Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology University of Zurich Seestrasse 187 8802 Kilchberg Switzerland

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