BACKGROUND: Lake Tanganyika is considered a biodiversity hotspot with exceptional species richness and level of endemism. Given the global importance of the lake in the field of evolutionary biology, the understudied status of its parasite fauna is surprising with a single digenean species reported to date. Although the most famous group within the lake's fish fauna are cichlids, the pelagic zone is occupied mainly by endemic species of clupeids (Actinopterygii: Clupeidae) and lates perches (Actinopterygii: Latidae, Lates Cuvier), which are an important commercial source for local fisheries. In this study, we focused on the lake's four lates perches and targeted their thus far unexplored endoparasitic digenean fauna. METHODS: A total of 85 lates perches from four localities in Lake Tanganyika were examined. Cryptogonimid digeneans were studied by means of morphological and molecular characterisation. Partial sequences of the nuclear 28S rRNA gene and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene were sequenced for a representative subset of the specimens recovered. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted at the family level under Bayesian inference. RESULTS: Our integrative approach revealed the presence of six species within the family Cryptogonimidae Ward, 1917. Three out of the four species of Lates were found to be infected with at least one cryptogonimid species. Two out of the three reported genera are new to science. Low interspecific but high intraspecific phenotypic and genetic diversity was found among Neocladocystis spp. Phylogenetic inference based on partial 28S rDNA sequences revealed a sister group relationship for two of the newly erected genera and their close relatedness to the widely distributed genus Acanthostomum Looss, 1899. CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides the first comprehensive characterisation of the digenean diversity in a fish family from Lake Tanganyika which will serve as a baseline for future explorations of the lake's digenean fauna. Our study highlights the importance of employing an integrative approach for revealing the diversity in this unique host-parasite system.

Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology Science Park University of Valencia P O Box 46071 Valencia Spain

Centre for Environmental Sciences Research Group Zoology Biodiversity and Toxicology Hasselt University Agoralaan Gebouw D 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium

Department of Botany and Zoology Faculty of Science Masaryk University Kotlářská 2 611 37 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Botany and Zoology Faculty of Science Masaryk University Kotlářská 2 611 37 Brno Czech Republic Centre for Environmental Sciences Research Group Zoology Biodiversity and Toxicology Hasselt University Agoralaan Gebouw D 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics Department of Biology KU Leuven Ch Deberiotstraat 32 3000 Leuven Belgium

Department of Botany and Zoology Faculty of Science Masaryk University Kotlářská 2 611 37 Brno Czech Republic Centre for Environmental Sciences Research Group Zoology Biodiversity and Toxicology Hasselt University Agoralaan Gebouw D 3590 Diepenbeek Belgium Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics Department of Biology KU Leuven Ch Deberiotstraat 32 3000 Leuven Belgium Zoology Unit Finnish Museum of Natural History University of Helsinki P O Box 17 Helsinki 00014 Finland

Institute of Biology University of Graz Universitätsplatz 2 8010 Graz Austria

Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics Department of Biology KU Leuven Ch Deberiotstraat 32 3000 Leuven Belgium

Parasitic Worms Division Department of Life Sciences The Natural History Museum Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD UK

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