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Evaluation of individual and ensemble probabilistic forecasts of COVID-19 mortality in the United States

EY. Cramer, EL. Ray, VK. Lopez, J. Bracher, A. Brennen, AJ. Castro Rivadeneira, A. Gerding, T. Gneiting, KH. House, Y. Huang, D. Jayawardena, AH. Kanji, A. Khandelwal, K. Le, A. Mühlemann, J. Niemi, A. Shah, A. Stark, Y. Wang, N. Wattanachit, MW....

. 2022 ; 119 (15) : e2113561119. [pub] 20220408

Language English Country United States

Document type Journal Article

Grant support
U01CK000538 ACL HHS - United States
R01 EB017205 NIBIB NIH HHS - United States
U01IP001137 ACL HHS - United States
R01 GM124104 NIGMS NIH HHS - United States
NU38OT000297 CDC HHS - United States
Wellcome Trust - United Kingdom
U01IP001122 ACL HHS - United States
R35 GM119582 NIGMS NIH HHS - United States
U01 CK000531 NCEZID CDC HHS - United States
210758/Z/18/Z Wellcome Trust - United Kingdom
U01 IP001122 NCIRD CDC HHS - United States
U01CK000531 ACL HHS - United States

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Short-term probabilistic forecasts of the trajectory of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States have served as a visible and important communication channel between the scientific modeling community and both the general public and decision-makers. Forecasting models provide specific, quantitative, and evaluable predictions that inform short-term decisions such as healthcare staffing needs, school closures, and allocation of medical supplies. Starting in April 2020, the US COVID-19 Forecast Hub (https://covid19forecasthub.org/) collected, disseminated, and synthesized tens of millions of specific predictions from more than 90 different academic, industry, and independent research groups. A multimodel ensemble forecast that combined predictions from dozens of groups every week provided the most consistently accurate probabilistic forecasts of incident deaths due to COVID-19 at the state and national level from April 2020 through October 2021. The performance of 27 individual models that submitted complete forecasts of COVID-19 deaths consistently throughout this year showed high variability in forecast skill across time, geospatial units, and forecast horizons. Two-thirds of the models evaluated showed better accuracy than a naïve baseline model. Forecast accuracy degraded as models made predictions further into the future, with probabilistic error at a 20-wk horizon three to five times larger than when predicting at a 1-wk horizon. This project underscores the role that collaboration and active coordination between governmental public-health agencies, academic modeling teams, and industry partners can play in developing modern modeling capabilities to support local, state, and federal response to outbreaks.

Advanced Data Analytics Metron Inc Reston VA 20190

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Catalog Data Science Walmart Inc Sunnyvale CA 94085

Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine WC1E 7HT London United Kingdom

Chair of Econometrics and Statistics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76185 Karlsruhe Germany

College of Computing Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30308

College of Information and Computer Sciences University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003

Computational Statistics Group Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies 69118 Heidelberg Germany

Construx Bellevue WA 98004

Core Consultant Group Oliver Wyman New York NY 10036

COVID 19 Response Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Department of Biological Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556

Department of Biomedical Data Sciences Stanford University Stanford CA 94305

Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003

Department of Biostatistics Columbia University New York NY 10032

Department of Biostatistics University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599

Department of Biostatistics University of Washington Seattle WA 98195

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Washington Seattle WA 98195

Department of Civil and Systems Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218

Department of Complex Systems University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109

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Department of Computer Science University of Iowa Iowa City IA 52242

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Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712

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Department of Environmental Health Sciences Columbia University New York NY 10032

Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD 21215

Department of Finance Iowa State University Ames IA 50011

Department of Health Policy and Management Harvard University Cambridge MA 02138

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Department of Integrative Biology University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712

Department of International Health Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD 21231

Department of Materials Science and Engineering Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy NY 12309

Department of Mathematics and Statistics Dalhousie University Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada

Department of Mathematics and Statistics Masaryk University 61137 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Mathematics College of William and Mary Williamsburg VA 23187

Department of Mathematics University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721

Department of Mathematics University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109

Department of Medicine Section of Infectious Diseases Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA 02118

Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Victoria Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada

Department of Physics Trinity University San Antonio TX 78212

Department of Physics University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences State University of New York Upstate Medical University Syracuse NY 13210

Department of Psychiatry Columbia University New York NY 10032

Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine State University of New York Upstate Medical University Syracuse NY 13210

Department of Statistics and Data Sciences University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712

Department of Statistics Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213

Department of Statistics Iowa State University Ames IA 50011

Department of Statistics Stanford University Stanford CA 94305

Department of Statistics University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada

Department of Statistics University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22904

Department of Statistics University of Washington Seattle WA 98185

Division of Epidemiology Department of Internal Medicine University of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84108

Emerging Technologies IEM Inc Baton Rouge LA 70809

Emerging Technologies IEM Inc Bel Air MD 21015

Financial Services Oliver Wyman Digital Toronto ON Canada M5J 0A1

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Google Cloud Sunnyvale CA 94089

H Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332

Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute University of California San Diego CA 92093

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Health and Life Sciences Oliver Wyman New York NY 10036

Health Economic Modeling Value Analytics Labs 34776 İstanbul Turkey

Infectious Disease Group Predictive Science Inc San Diego CA 92121

Information Systems and Modeling Group Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545

Institute for Computational Medicine Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD 21218

Institute for Data Systems and Society Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA 98195

Institute for Scientific Interchange Foundation Turin 10133 Italy

Institute of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Science University of Bern CH 3012 Bern Switzerland

Institute of Stochastics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 69118 Karlsruhe Germany

International Vaccine Access Center Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21231

IQT Labs In Q Tel Waltham MA 02451

Jilin University Changchun City Jilin Province 130012 People's Republic of China

JMP Life Sciences SAS Institute Inc Cary NC 27513

Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Laurel MD 20723

Khoury College of Computer Sciences Northeastern University Boston MA 02115

Laboratory for Computational Physiology Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139

Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio technical Systems Northeastern University Boston MA 02115

Laboratory of Ecohydrology School of Architecture Civil and Environmental Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 1015 Lausanne Switzerland

Machine Learning Department Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213

Manhasset Secondary School Manhasset NY 11030

Marshall School of Business Department of Data Sciences and Operations University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089

Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02142

McCombs School of Business The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712

Mechatronics Embedded Systems and Automation Lab Department of Mechanical Engineering University of California Merced CA 95301

Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology School of Public Health Imperial College W2 1PG London United Kingdom

Microsoft Redmond WA 98029

Ming Hsieh Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089

Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia Athens GA 30602

Oliver Wyman Digital Oliver Wyman Boston MA 02110

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Operations Research Center Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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Quality Assurance and Data Science Signature Science LLC Austin TX 78759

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Radiology Institute for Technology Assessment Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA 02114

River Hill High School Clarksville MD 21029

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School for Engineering of Matter Transport and Energy Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287

School of Engineering Brown University Providence RI 02912

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Statistical Sciences Group Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545

Technology Operations and Statistics group Stern School of Business New York University New York NY 10012

Texas Advanced Computing Center Austin TX 78758

Unaffiliated Amsterdam The Netherlands

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References provided by Crossref.org

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$a Chen, YangQuan $u Mechatronics, Embedded Systems and Automation Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Merced, CA 95301
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$a Zhao, Yanting $u University of Science and Technology of China, Heifei, Anhui, 230027, People's Republic of China
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$a Gu, Quanquan $u Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 $1 https://orcid.org/000000019830793X
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$a Nagraj, V P $u Quality Assurance and Data Science, Signature Science, LLC, Charlottesville, VA 22911
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$a Hong, Qi-Jun $u School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 $u School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
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$a van de Walle, Axel $u School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 $1 https://orcid.org/0000000234151494
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$a Zheng, Shun $u Microsoft, Redmond, WA 98029
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$a Chinazzi, Matteo $u Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
700    1_
$a Davis, Jessica T $u Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
700    1_
$a Mu, Kunpeng $u Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
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$a Pastore Y Piontti, Ana $u Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
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$a Xiong, Xinyue $u Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
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$a Zheng, Andrew $u Operations Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA 02139
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$a Nze-Ndong, David $u Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
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$a Singhvi, Divya $u Technology, Operations and Statistics (TOPS) group, Stern School of Business, New York University, New York, NY 10012
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$a Spantidakis, Ioannis $u Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142 $1 https://orcid.org/0000000251496320
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$a Della Penna, Nicolas $u Laboratory for Computational Physiology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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$a Keegan, Lindsay T $u Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108 $1 https://orcid.org/0000000285263007
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$a Lessler, Justin $u Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21215
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700    1_
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$a Marshall, Maximilian $u Department of Civil and Systems Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
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$a Wang, Yueying $u Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
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$a Reiner, Robert C $u Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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$a Hay, Simon I $u Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 $1 https://orcid.org/0000000206117272
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$a Adhikari, Bijaya $u Department of Computer Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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$a Rodríguez, Alexander $u College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30308 $1 https://orcid.org/0000000243139913
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$a Xie, Jiajia $u College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30308 $1 https://orcid.org/0000000165302489
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$a Zhou, Mingyuan $u McCombs School of Business, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
700    1_
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700    1_
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700    1_
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700    1_
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700    1_
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700    1_
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$a Bien, Jacob $u Marshall School of Business, Department of Data Sciences and Operations (DSO), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
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700    1_
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$a Narasimhan, Balasubramanian $u Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 $u Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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$a Tibshirani, Rob $u Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
700    1_
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$a Wasserman, Larry $u Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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$a Drake, John M $u Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 $1 https://orcid.org/0000000346461235
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$a Pagano, Robert $u Unaffiliated, Tucson, AZ 85704
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$a Reich, Nicholas G $u Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 $1 https://orcid.org/0000000335039899
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