Effectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate mitigation outcomes: beliefs, policy support, information sharing intention, and an effortful tree-planting behavioral task. Across 59,440 participants from 63 countries, the interventions' effectiveness was small, largely limited to nonclimate skeptics, and differed across outcomes: Beliefs were strengthened mostly by decreasing psychological distance (by 2.3%), policy support by writing a letter to a future-generation member (2.6%), information sharing by negative emotion induction (12.1%), and no intervention increased the more effortful behavior-several interventions even reduced tree planting. Last, the effects of each intervention differed depending on people's initial climate beliefs. These findings suggest that the impact of behavioral climate interventions varies across audiences and target behaviors.

Academic and Research Laboratory of Neurotechnology Ural Federal University Ekaterinburg 620075 Russia

Amazon Seattle WA 98109 USA

Amsterdam School of Communication Research University of Amsterdam Amsterdam 1018WV Netherlands

Anderson School of Management University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA

Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment Princeton University Princeton NJ 8544 USA

Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology Reichman University Herzliya 4610101 Israel

Behavioral Economics and Engineering Group KU Leuven Leuven 3000 Belgium

Behavioural Science Institute Radboud University Nijmegen 6500 HE Netherlands

Center for Computational Psychiatry Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY 10029 USA

Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability University of Hamburg Hamburg 20146 Germany

Center for Health and Biological Sciences Mackenzie Presbyterian University São Paulo 01221 040 Brazil

Center for Neural Science New York University New York NY 10003 USA

Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience School of Psychology Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez Viña del Mar Chile

Center for Social and Cultural Psychology Université libre de Bruxelles Brussels 1050 Belgium

Center for Social and Cultural Psychology Université libre de Bruxelles Brussels 1312 Belgium

Center for Sociocultural Research HSE University Moscow 101000 Russia

Centre for Human Brain Health School of Psychology University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK

Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory University of Stavanger Stavanger 4021 Norway

College of Management National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Kaohsiung 800 Taiwan

Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Buenos Aires Argentina

Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development Utrecht University Utrecht 3584 CB Netherlands

Craig Newmark Center for Journalism Ethics and Security Columbia University New York NY 10018 USA

Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience Aarhus University Aarhus 8000 Denmark

Deparment of Economics American University of Sharjah Sharjah 26666 United Arab Emirates

Département d'études cognitives Institut Jean Nicod ENS EHESS PSL University CNRS Tokyo 113 8654 Japan

Department of Biomedical Engineering Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology Ulsan 44919 Republic of Korea

Department of Biomedicine Aarhus University Aarhus 8000 Denmark

Department of Business Administration University of Zurich Zurich 8032 Switzerland

Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering School of Engineering and Technology Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro Tanzania

Department of Clinical Neuroscience Division of Psychology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm 171 77 Sweden

Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Stockholm 17177 Sweden

Department of Clinical Psychology Utrecht University Utrecht 3508 TC Netherlands

Department of Cognition Emotion and Methods in Psychology Faculty of Psychology University of Vienna Vienna 1010 Austria

Department of Cognitive Psychology Universität Hamburg Hamburg 20146 Germany

Department of Communication Amsterdam School of Communication Research University of Amsterdam Amsterdam 1018WV Netherlands

Department of Communication Science University of Amsterdam Amsterdam 1001 NG Netherlands

Department of Communication Science Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam 1081 HV Netherlands

Department of Developmental Personality and Social Psychology Ghent University Ghent 9000 Belgium

Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation University of Padova Padua 35131 Italy

Department of Economic Psychology Social Psychology and Experimental Methods Leuphana University Lüneburg Lüneburg 21335 Germany

Department of Economics and Business Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona 8005 Spain

Department of Economics University of Hamburg Hamburg 20146 Germany

Department of Economics University of Hamburg Hamburg 20146 Hamburg

Department of Environmental Conservation University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst MA 1003 USA

Department of Experimental Psychology Ghent University Ghent 9000 Belgium

Department of Humanities and Social Sciences Climate and Energy Policy Research Lab Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India

Department of Learning and Instructional Sciences University of Haifa Haifa 3498838 Israel

Department of Management Aarhus University Aarhus 8210 Denmark

Department of Management and Engineering Linköping University Linköping 58183 Sweden

Department of Management and Marketing University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia

Department of Management Prague University of Economics and Business Prague 13067 Czech Republic

Department of Management The University of Tokyo Tokyo 113 8654 Japan

Department of Marketing Bocconi University Milan 20136 Italy

Department of Marketing Communication and Public Relations Charles University Prague 11000 Czech Republic

Department of Marketing King's Business School King's College London London WC2B 4BG UK

Department of Marketing University of Virginia Darden School of Business Charlottesville VA 22903 USA

Department of Media and Communication City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong China

Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology Tilburg University Tilburg 5037 AB Netherlands

Department of Movement Sciences KU Leuven Leuven 3001 Belgium

Department of Nutritional Sciences University of Vienna Vienna 1090 Austria

Department of Organisation Strategy and Entrepreneurship School of Business and Economics Maastricht University Maastricht 6211 LK Netherlands

Department of People Management and Organization Esade Business School Universitat Ramon Llull Barcelona 8034 Spain

Department of People Management and Organization Universitat Ramon Llull Esade Business School Barcelona 8034 Spain

Department of Personality Psychology Yerevan State University Yerevan 0025 Armenia

Department of Philosophy Macquarie University Sydney NSW 2000 Australia

Department of Philosophy Macquarie University Sydney NSW 2109 Australia

Department of Political Science and Annenberg School for Communication University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA

Department of Political Science Northeastern University Boston MA 2115 USA

Department of Psychobioloogy and Methodology of Heath Sciences Universitat Autònima de Barcelona Barcelona 8193 Spain

Department of Psycholgy Cambridge University Cambridge CB2 3 EB UK

Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science London School of Economics and Political Science London WC2A 2AE UK

Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Aarhus University Aarhus 8000 Denmark

Department of Psychology and Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management Cornell University Ithaca NY 14850 USA

Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Boston College Chestnut Hill MA 2467 USA

Department of Psychology and Neuroscience University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA

Department of Psychology and Neuroscience University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA

Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy Witten Herdecke University Witten 58455 Germany

Department of Psychology and Swiss Center for Affective Sciences University of Geneva Geneva 1205 Switzerland

Department of Psychology Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg Oldenburg 26129 Germany

Department of Psychology Cornell University Ithaca NY 14850 USA

Department of Psychology Division of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences Claremont Graduate University Claremont NH 91711 USA

Department of Psychology Faculty for Social and Educational Sciences Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim 7491 Norway

Department of Psychology Faculty of Philosophy University of Novi Sad Novi Sad 21000 Serbia

Department of Psychology Georgetown University Washington DC 20057 USA

Department of Psychology Harvard University Cambridge MA 2138 USA

Department of Psychology Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences Elverum 2418 Norway

Department of Psychology Japan Women's University Tokyo 1128681 Japan

Department of Psychology Kadir Has University İstanbul 34083 Turkey

Department of Psychology Marmara University İstanbul 34722 Turkey

Department of Psychology New York University Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi 129188 United Arab Emirates

Department of Psychology New York University New York NY 10003 USA

Department of Psychology Northeastern University Boston MA 02115 USA

Department of Psychology Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim 7049 Norway

Department of Psychology Pusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea

Department of Psychology Ruhr University Bochum Bochum 44801 Germany

Department of Psychology Saarland University Saarbrücken 66123 Germany

Department of Psychology Sapienza University of Rome Rome 185 Italy

Department of Psychology Seton Hall University South Orange NJ 7079 USA

Department of Psychology Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada

Department of Psychology Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA

Department of Psychology Stockholm University Stockholm 11419 Sweden

Department of Psychology The Hebrew University Jerusalem 9190501 Israel

Department of Psychology Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco Cusco 800 Peru

Department of Psychology Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Lima 2002 Peru

Department of Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam 1018 WT Netherlands

Department of Psychology University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK

Department of Psychology University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada

Department of Psychology University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA

Department of Psychology University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 3EL UK

Department of Psychology University of Cordoba Cordoba 14071 Spain

Department of Psychology University of Groningen Groningen 9712 CP Netherlands

Department of Psychology University of Groningen Groningen 9712TS Netherlands

Department of Psychology University of Latvia Riga 1083 Latvia

Department of Psychology University of Latvia Riga Latvia

Department of Psychology University of Limerick Limerick V94 T9PX Ireland

Department of Psychology University of Limerick Limerick V94T9PX Ireland

Department of Psychology University of Oslo Oslo 373 Norway

Department of Psychology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA

Department of Psychology University of Salzburg Salzburg 5020 Salzburg

Department of Psychology University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22902 USA

Department of Psychology University of Wisconsin Madison Madison WI 53706 USA

Department of Psychology University of York York YO10 5DD UK

Department of Psychology Üsküdar University İstanbul 34662 Turkey

Department of Psychology Üsküdar University Istanbul 34664 Turkey

Department of Psychology Widener University Chester 19013 USA

Department of Public and International Affairs City University of Hong Kong Kowloon 999077 Hong Kong

Department of Social Organizational and Economic Psychology University of Hildesheim Hildesheim 31141 Germany

Department of Social Psychology Institute of Psychology University of São Paulo São Paulo 05508 030 Brazil

Department of Social Psychology Reichman University Herzliya 4610101 Israel

Department of Sociology Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA

Department of Sociology University of Bern Bern 3012 Switzerland

Department of Strategy and Management Norwegian School of Economics Bergen 5045 Norway

Department of Vision Science University of Leicester Leicester LE1 7RH UK

Departments of Political Science and Communication Science Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam 1081 HV Netherlands

Digital Data and Design Institute at Harvard Harvard University Allston Boston MA 2134 USA

Dirección Académica Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede de La Paz Cesar Colombia

Division of Psychology Linköping University Linköping 58183 Sweden

Division of Social Sciences University of the Philippines Visayas Miagao 5023 Philippines

Doctoral School of Social Sciences Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń 87 100 Poland

Environmental Psychology Department of Cognition Emotion and Methods in Psychology Faculty of Psychology University of Vienna Vienna 1010 Austria

Environmental Psychology Department of Cognition Emotion and Methods in Psychology Faculty of Psychology University of Vienna Vienna A 1010 Austria

Erasmus School of Law Erasmus University Rotterdam Rotterdam 3062PA Netherlands

Escuela de Psicología Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago 8331150 Chile

Escuela de Psicología Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile

Faculty of Management Canadian University Dubai Dubai 117781 United Arab Emirates

Faculty of Medicine Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia Villavicencio Colombia

Faculty of Philosophy and Social Sciences Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń 87 100 Poland

Faculty of Philosophy Institute of Psychology Faculty of Philosophy Jagiellonian University Krakow 30 060 Poland

Faculty of Philosophy Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje Skopje 1000 Republic of North Macedonia

Faculty of Philosophy University of Ss Cyril and Methodius in Trnava Trnava 917 01 Slovakia

Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences University of Geneva Geneva 1205 Switzerland

Faculty of Psychology University of Basel Basel 4055 Switzerland

Faculty of Psychology University of Warsaw Warsaw 00 183 Poland

Faculty of Science and Engineering Waseda University Tokyo 1658555 Japan

Faculty of Social Sciences Psychology Tampere University Tampere FI 33014 Finland

Faculty of Social Sciences Tampere University Tampere 33100 Finland

Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique Brussels 1050 Belgium

Graduate School of Education Tohoku University Sendai 9808576 Japan

Green Dock Hostivice 25301 Czech Republic

Harvard Business School Harvard University Boston MA 2163 USA

HEI Lab Digital Human Environment Interaction Labs Lusófona University Lisbon 1700 Portugal

HEI Lab Digital Human Environment Interaction Labs Lusófona University Lisbon Portugal

Institut Jean Nicod Département d'études cognitives ENS EHESS PSL University CNRS Paris 75005 France

Institute for Management and Organization Leuphana University Lüneburg Lüneburg 21335 Germany

Institute for Rebooting Social Media Harvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA

Institute for Resources Environment and Sustainability University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada

Institute for Sociology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava 81364 Slovakia

Institute for the Study of Power Crime and Society | Department of Law and Criminology Royal Holloway University of London Egham TW200EX UK

Institute of European Studies and International Relations Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences Comenius University Bratislava Bratislava 82105 Slovakia

Institute of Management and Organization Leuphana University Lueneburg Lueneburg 21337 Germany

Institute of Management and Organization Leuphana University Lüneburg Lüneburg 21335 Germany

Institute of Management and Organization Leuphana University of Lüneburg Lueneburg 21337 Germany

Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology University of Tuebingen Tuebingen 72076 Germany

Institute of Pedagogy Faculty of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences University of Wroclaw Wroclaw 50 120 Poland

Institute of Psychology Faculty of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences University of Wroclaw Wroclaw 50 120 Poland

Institute of Psychology SWPS University Warsaw 03 815 Poland

Institute of Psychology University of Lausanne Lausanne 1015 Switzerland

Institute of Psychology University of Silesia in Katowice Katowice 40 007 Poland

Institute of Security and Global Affairs Leiden University The Hague 2511DP Netherlands

INVEST Research Flagship University of Turku Turku 20014 Finland

IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation Rome 142 Italy

Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Tokyo 1020083 Japan

Jigsaw Google New York NY 10011 USA

John E Walker Department of Economics Clemson University Clemson SC 29634 USA

Kellogg School of Management Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA

Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute Kisumu 1881 40100 Kenya

Kieskompas Election Compass Amsterdam 1052XH Netherlands

Laboratorio de Neurociencia Escuela de Negocios Universidad Torcuato Di Tella Buenos Aires C1428 Argentina

Laboratorio de Neurociencia Escuela de Negocios Universidad Torcuato Di Tella Buenos Aires C1428 CABA Argentina

Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Space Studies School for Environmental and Social Studies Tyumen State University Tyumen 625003 Russia

LAPCOS Université Côte d'Azur Nice 6357 France

LP3C Université Rennes 2 Rennes 35000 France

Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts Skopje 1000 North Macedonia

Management and Organizations Stephen M Ross School of Business University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48105 USA

MIT Sloan School of Management Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 2139 USA

National Fisheries Resources Research Institute Jinja Uganda

Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw 02 093 Poland

Neuropsychopharmacology and Biopsychology Unit University of Vienna Vienna 1010 Austria

Penn Center for Neuroaesthetics University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA

Policy Research Department Kyiv School of Economics Kyiv 2000 Ukraine

Post Graduation Program in Linguistics Federal University of Paraná Curitiba 80060150 Brasil

Psychological Science Pomona College Claremont CA 91711 USA

Psychology and Neuroscience Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society Boston College Brighton MA 2135 USA

Psychology of Sustainability and Behavior Change University of Basel Basel 4055 Switzerland

Psychology Scientific Research Institute Baku Azerbaijan

Psychosocial Science University of Bergen Bergen 5007 Norway

Research Center for Digital Transformation Leuphana University Lüneburg Lüneburg 21335 Germany

Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Innovation University of São Paulo São Paulo 05508 030 Brazil

Research Department The South Ural University of Technology Chelyabinsk 454052 Russia

Royal Holloway University of London Egham TW200EX UK

San Luis Obispo CA 93405 USA

Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS Rome 179 Italy

School of Business and Creative Industries University of the Sunshine Coast Queensland BNE 4556 Australia

School of Business and Management Queen Mary University of London London E1 4NS UK

School of Business International University Vietnam National University HCMC Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam

School of Computing Engineering and Mathematical Sciences La Trobe University Melbourne Melbourne VIC 3086 Australia

School of Culture and Society Interacting Minds Centre Aarhus University Aarhus 8000 Denmark

School of Economics and Finance University of St Andrews St Andrews KY16 9AJ UK

School of Economics and Management Kochi University of Technology Kami City 782 8502 Japan

School of Global Studies Thammasat University Bangkok 12121 Thailand

School of Management Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich Munich 80539 Germany

School of Medicine and Psychology Australian National University Canberra ACT 200 Australia

School of Philosophical Anthropological and Film Studies University of St Andrews St Andrews KY16 9AJ UK

School of Philosophy Australian National University Canberra ACT 2600 Australia

School of Psychology and Sport Science Anglia Ruskin University Cambridge CB1 1PT UK

School of Psychology Deakin University Geelong VIC 3216 Australia

School of Psychology Speech and Hearing University of Canterbury Christchurch 8051 New Zealand

School of Psychology Speech and Hearing University of Canterbury University of Canterbury Christchurch 8051 New Zealand

School of Psychology University of Auckland Auckland 1010 New Zealand

School of Psychology University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK

School of Psychology University of Sussex Falmer BN1 9RH UK

School of Psychology University of Sussex Falmer BN19QH UK

School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs Northeastern University Boston MA 02115 USA

Shamir Research Institute University of Haifa Haifa 3498838 Israel

Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory Mackenzie Presbyterian University Sao Paulo 1241001 Brazil

Swiss Center for Affective Sciences University of Geneva Geneva 1205 Switzerland

Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute Mwanza Tanzania

Tanzanian Fisheries Research Institute Mwanza Tanzania

Toulouse Business School Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse Toulouse 31000 France

Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia San Martín de Porres 15102 Peru

University of Economics HCMC Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam

UNSW Business School University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia

UQ Business School University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4067 Australia

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