Background: Complex nasal defects most often arise due to oncological resection or severe trauma. Traditional methods of two-stage nose reconstruction using a forehead flap with a skin graft have often resulted in collapse and deformity of the nose with a very compromised outcome over time. These techniques were gradually replaced by new procedures consistently reconstructing the intranasal lining, most often with flaps from the nasal septum. These methods reconstruct the cartilaginous and bony support of the nose as well, while the skin cover of the nose is, nowadays, in large defects, reconstructed in three stages. Evaluation of the topic: The options for intranasal lining reconstruction are as follows: a composite graft, a turnover flap covered with a local flap, advancement of the residual lining (bipedicle vestibular mucosa flap), a folded forehead flap, a prelaminated forehead flap, the use of another local flap (a forehead, nasolabial, facial artery myomucosal flap), a hinged turnover flap, a septal mucoperichondrial hinged flap, a composite septal chondromucosal pivot flap, a turbinate flap and microvascular free flaps (a radial forearm flap, a helix free flap, a kite flap, a dorsalis pedis free flap, a temporoparietal free flap, a postauricular free flap). Thanks to the abundant vascular supply of the face, the risk of ischemia and infection is mitigated, allowing most complex nasal defects to be reconstructed by using local flaps to restore all layers of the nose. Local tissues retain ideal quality, coloration, and texture, are reliable, and usually result in esthetically acceptable morbidity of the donor area. If the inner lining defect is extensive, it must be reconstructed by free microvascular tissue transfer. If other than intranasal flaps are used in the reconstruction of the internal lining, it is preferable to postpone the reconstruction of the supporting framework until the second stage while thinning the flaps used; otherwise, there is a high risk of obturation of the nasal airways. Conclusion: The results of modern reconstruction dramatically improved after the introduction of three-stage nasal reconstruction and emphasizing the reconstruction of all layers of the nose. Therefore, a quality inner lining is the basis for the construction of the new nose.

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Palacký University Olomouc Czech Republic

Department of Plastic and Esthetic Surgery St Anne's Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

Department of Surgical Oncology Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute Brno Czech Republic

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