Data provided by THEW was used to test QT gender differences. Three QT/RR models were used during analysis: a transfer function model (TRF), a model based on exponential weighting of RR intervals (EXP), and an EXP model with additive direct coupling with RR intervals (EXPDC). Data from 81 men and 73 women was analyzed.Women have a significantly higher QTc (p<10(-6)), steeper Gain(L) (QT/RR slope, gain for slow RR variability, p<0.01), faster τ (QT adaptation, p<0.05), higher Gain(F) (gain for fast RR variability, immediate change of QT, p<0.05) and higher QT random variability (p<0.05).The higher prevalence of arrhythmias in women, given by longer QTc, is compensated to some extent by a higher level of Gain(F) and faster τ. The proarrhythmic influence of drugs may originate in a change of Gain(L), Gain(F) or τ without any change in QTc.

Institute of Scientific Instruments of the ASCR Brno Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

James F, Choisy S, Hancox J. Recent advances in understanding sex differences in cardiac repolarization. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology. 2007;94 :265–319. PubMed

Moss AJ. Gender Differences in ECG Parameters and Their Clinical Implications. Ann Noninvas Electro. 2010;15(1):1–2. PubMed PMC

Smetana P, Batchvarov V, Hnatkova K, Camm A, Malik M. Sex differences in the rate dependence of the T wave descending limb. Cardiovascular Research. 2003;58:549–554. PubMed

Schwartz PJ, Priori SG, Spazzolini C, Moss A, Vincent GW, Napolitano C, Denjoy I, Guicheney P, et al. Genotype-Phenotype Correlation in the Long-QT Syndrome : Gene-Specific Triggers for Life-Threatening Arrhythmias. Circulation. 2001;103:89–95. PubMed

Couderc JP, Zhou M, Sarapa N, Zareba W. Investigating the effect of sotalol on the repolarization intervals in healthy young individuals. Journal of Electrocardiology. 2008;41:595–602. PubMed

Halamek J, Jurak P, Villa M, Soucek M, Frana P, Nykodym J, Eisenberger M, et al. Dynamic coupling between heart rate and ventricular repolarization. Biomedizinische Technik, Biomedical engineering. 2007;52:255–263. PubMed

Halamek J, Jurak P, Bunch TJ, Lipoldova J, Novak M, Vondra V, Leinveber P, Plachy M, Kara T, Villa M, Frana P, Soucek M, Somers VK, Asirvatham SJ. Use of a novel transfer function to reduce repolarization interval hysteresis. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2010 PubMed

Halamek J, Jurak P, Vondra V, Lipoldova J, Leinveber P, Kara T. Dynamic Properties of QT Intervals. Computers in Cardiology. 2009;36:517–520.

Malik M, Hnatkova K, Novotny T, Schmidt G. Subject-specific profiles of QT/RR hysteresis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008;295:H2356–H2363. PubMed

Franz MR, Swerdlow ChD, Liem LB, Schafer J. Cycle length dependence of human action potential duration in vivo. Effects of single extrastimuli, sudden sustained rate acceleration and deceleration, and different steady-state frequencies. J Clin Invest. 1988;82:972–979. PubMed PMC

Padrini R, Sperenza G, Nollo G, Bova S, Piovan D, Antolini R, Ferrari M. Adaptation of the QT interval to heart rate changes in isolated perfused quinea pig heart: Influence of amidorane and D-sotanol. Pharmacological Research. 1997;35:409–416. PubMed