Most range shift predictions focus on the dispersal phase of the colonization process. Because moving populations experience increasingly dissimilar nonclimatic environmental conditions as they track climate warming, it is also critical to test how individuals originating from contrasting thermal environments can establish in nonlocal sites. We assess the intraspecific variation in growth responses to nonlocal soils by planting a widespread grass of deciduous forests (Milium effusum) into an experimental common garden using combinations of seeds and soil sampled in 22 sites across its distributional range, and reflecting movement scenarios of up to 1600 km. Furthermore, to determine temperature and forest-structural effects, the plants and soils were experimentally warmed and shaded. We found significantly positive effects of the difference between the temperature of the sites of seed and soil collection on growth and seedling emergence rates. Migrant plants might thus encounter increasingly favourable soil conditions while tracking the isotherms towards currently 'colder' soils. These effects persisted under experimental warming. Rising temperatures and light availability generally enhanced plant performance. Our results suggest that abiotic and biotic soil characteristics can shape climate change-driven plant movements by affecting growth of nonlocal migrants, a mechanism which should be integrated into predictions of future range shifts.

Beechwood House St Briavels Common Lydney GL15 6SL UK

BIOCONNET Biodiversity and Conservation Network Department of Life Sciences University of Siena Via P A Mattioli 4 IT 53100 Siena Italy

Department of Biology Norwegian University of Science and Technology NO 7491 Trondheim Norway

Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences Division of Forest Nature and Landscape K U Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200E BE 3001 Leuven Belgium

Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences PO Box 5003 NO 1432 Ås Norway

Department of Ecology Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection University of Silesia ul Bankowa 9 PL 40 007 Katowice Poland

Department of Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing Institute of Botany Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Zámek 1 CZ 25243 Průhonice Czech Republic

Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management University of Copenhagen Rolighedsvej 23 DK 1958 Frederiksberg C Denmark

Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology Stockholm University SE 106 91 Stockholm Sweden

Department of Vegetation Ecology Institute of Botany Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Lidická 25 27 CZ 65720 Brno Czech Republic

EDYSAN Université de Picardie Jules Verne 1 rue des Louvels FR 80037 Amiens Cedex France

Forest and Nature Lab Ghent University Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267 BE 9090 Gontrode Melle Belgium

Forest Ecology and Conservation Group Department of Plant Sciences University of Cambridge Downing Street Cambridge CB2 3EA UK

Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group Wageningen University PO Box 47 NL 6700AA Wageningen the Netherlands

Forestry Faculty Stefan cel Mare University Str Universităţii 19 RO 720229 Suceava Romania

Friedrich Schiller University Institute of Ecology Dornburger Str 159 DE 07743 Jena Germany

Institute of Integrative Biology ETH Zürich Universitätsstrasse 16 CH 8092 Zürich Switzerland

Institute of Land Use Systems Leibniz ZALF Eberswalder Strasse 84 DE 15374 Müncheberg Germany

Institute of Landscape Ecology and Resource Management Research Centre for BioSystems Land Use and Nutrition Justus Liebig University Gießen Heinrich Buff Ring 26 32 DE 35392 Gießen Germany

Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 49 SE 230 53 Alnarp Sweden

Unit Transition Energy and Environment Flemish Institute for Technological Research Boeretang 200 B 2400 Mol Belgium

UR EFNO Irstea Domaine des Barres FR 45290 Nogent sur Vernisson France

Vegetation Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of Ecology FB2 University of Bremen Leobener Str DE 28359 Bremen Germany

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