The capability of Fluorescent Random Amplified Microsatellites (F-RAMS) to profile hallucinogenic mushrooms to species and sub-species level was assessed. Fifteen samples of Amanita rubescens and 22 samples of other hallucinogenic and non-hallucinogenic mushrooms of the genera Amanita and Psilocybe were profiled using two fluorescently-labeled, 5'degenerate primers, 5'-6FAM-SpC3-DD (CCA)5 and 5'-6FAM-SpC3-DHB (CGA)5, which target different microsatellite repeat regions. Among the two primers, 5'-6FAM-SpC3-DHB (CGA)5 provided more reliable data for identification purposes, by grouping samples of the same species and clustering closely related species together in a dendrogram based on amplicon similarities. A high degree of intra-specific variation between the 15 A. rubescens samples was shown with both primers and the amplicons generated for all A. rubescens samples were organized into three classes of amplicons (discriminant, private, and marker) based on their individualizing potential.

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry International Forensic Research Institute Florida International University 11200 SW 8th Street Miami FL 33199 United States

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry International Forensic Research Institute Florida International University 11200 SW 8th Street Miami FL 33199 United States; Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University 11200 SW 8th Street Miami FL 33199 United States

Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine of the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry of Palacký University in Olomouc Hněvotínská 5 CZ 77900 Olomouc Czech Republic

Nuclear Physics Institute v v i Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Řež 130 CZ 25068 Řež near Prague Czech Republic

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Phylogenetic and chemical studies in the potential psychotropic species complex of Psilocybe atrobrunnea with taxonomic and nomenclatural notes