In a worldwide collaborative effort, 19,630 Y-chromosomes were sampled from 129 different populations in 51 countries. These chromosomes were typed for 23 short-tandem repeat (STR) loci (DYS19, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS385ab, DYS437, DYS438, DYS439, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS635, GATAH4, DYS481, DYS533, DYS549, DYS570, DYS576, and DYS643) and using the PowerPlex Y23 System (PPY23, Promega Corporation, Madison, WI). Locus-specific allelic spectra of these markers were determined and a consistently high level of allelic diversity was observed. A considerable number of null, duplicate and off-ladder alleles were revealed. Standard single-locus and haplotype-based parameters were calculated and compared between subsets of Y-STR markers established for forensic casework. The PPY23 marker set provides substantially stronger discriminatory power than other available kits but at the same time reveals the same general patterns of population structure as other marker sets. A strong correlation was observed between the number of Y-STRs included in a marker set and some of the forensic parameters under study. Interestingly a weak but consistent trend toward smaller genetic distances resulting from larger numbers of markers became apparent.

Athens Dept of Legal Medicine DNA Analysis Laboratory Athens Greece

BIOMICs Research Group Universidad del País Vasco Vitoria Spain

Centre of Molecular Antropology For Ancient DNA Studies Department of Biology University of Rome Tor Vergata Italy

Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization Institute of Evidence Law and Forensic Science China University of Political Science and Law Beijing China

Defence Medical and Environmental Research Institute DSO National Laboratories Singapore

Departamento de Biologia Universidade de Aveiro Portugal

Department of Basic Medical Sciences University of the West Indies Kingston Jamaica

Department of Criminal Investigation Xuanwei Public Security Bureau Xuanwei China

Department of Criminal Investigation Yunnan Provincial Public Security Bureau Kunming China

Department of Forensic and Analytical Science King's College London London UK

Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology National Board of Forensic Medicine Linköping Sweden

Department of Forensic Genetics Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Germany

Department of Forensic Medicine and Criminology University of Zagreb Croatia

Department of Forensic Medicine Medical University of Bialystok Poland

Department of Forensic Medicine Medical University Poznan Poland

Department of Forensic Medicine University of Helsinki Finland

Department of Forensic Medicine University of Turku Finland

Department of Forensic Medicine University of Zaragoza Spain

Department of Forensic Medicine Warsaw Medical University Poland

Department of Forensic Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul South Korea

Department of Genetics University of Leicester UK

Department of Legal Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Japan

Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences Institute of Legal Medicine School of Medicine University of Bologna Italy

Department of Medical Genetics Warsaw Medical University Poland

Department of Public Health Sciences and Pediatrics University of Turin Italy

Department of Statistical Genetics and Bioinformatics Cologne Center for Genomics University of Cologne Germany

DNA Analysis Laboratory Natural Sciences Research Institute University of the Philippines Diliman Philippines

DNA Analysis Laboratory Natural Sciences Research Institute University of the Philippines Diliman Philippines; Institute of Biological Sciences University of the Philippines Los Baños Laguna Philippines

DNA Laboratory Institute for Forensic Medicine Network of Forensic Science Institutes Ministry of Public Administration and Justice Budapest Hungary

Forensic Genetics Laboratory Department of Human Morphology and Biomedical Sciences Università degli Studi di Milano Italy

Forensic Genetics Laboratory Institute of Forensic Medicine Medical University of Gdansk Poland

Forensic Laboratory for DNA Research Department of Human Genetics Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands

Forensic Science Centre Ivan Vucetic General Police Directorate Ministry of Interior Zagreb Croatia

Forensic Sciences Department Poder Judicial Heredia Costa Rica

Forensische Genetik Kantonsspital Aarau AG Switzerland

GenoID Forensic DNA Laboratory Department of Genetics Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary

Genomic Engenharia Molecular Ltda Sao Paulo Brazil

Human DNA Diagnostics Laboratory Beirut Lebanon

Illinois State Police Research and Development Laboratory Springfield USA

Institut für Rechtsmedizin Ludwig Maximilians Universität München Germany

Institut für Rechtsmedizin Universität Basel Switzerland

Institut für Rechtsmedizin Universität Halle Germany

Institut für Rechtsmedizin Universität Leipzig Germany

Institut für Rechtsmedizin Universität Rostock Germany

Institut für Rechtsmedizin Universität Zürich Switzerland

Institut für Rechtsmedizin Universitätsklinikum Freiburg Germany

Institut für Rechtsmedizin Universitätsmedizin Greifswald Germany

Institute for Forensic Medicine and Criminalistics Medical Faculty University Ss Cyril and Methodius Skopje Macedonia

Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina

Institute of Applied Genetics and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics Ft Worth USA

Institute of Applied Genetics and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics Ft Worth USA; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia

Institute of Applied Genetics and Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics Ft Worth USA; Department of Forensic Medicine University of Helsinki Finland

Institute of Forensic Medicine Medical University Wroclaw Poland

Institute of Forensic Medicine West China School of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine Sichuan University Chengdu China

Institute of Forensic Research Krakow Poland

Institute of Legal Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Cologne Germany

Institute of Legal Medicine Innsbruck Medical University Innsbruck Austria

Institute of Legal Medicine Innsbruck Medical University Innsbruck Austria; Penn State Eberly College of Science University Park PA USA

Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics Christian Albrechts University Kiel Germany

Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto Porto Portugal

Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto Porto Portugal; Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences University of Porto Portugal

Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Brazil

Instituto de Biologia do Exército Rio de Janeiro Brazil

Instituto de Biologia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro and DIMAV INMETRO Brazil

Instituto Nacional de Toxicología y Ciencias Forenses Madrid Spain

Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine Section of Legal Medicine University of Bari Italy

Istituto di Medicina Legale Universitá degli Studi di Brescia Italy

KU Leuven Department of Imaging and Pathology Laboratory of Forensic Genetics and Molecular Archaeology Leuven Belgium

Laboratorio de Análisis de ADN FCM National University of Cuyo Mendoza Argentina

Laboratorio de Diagnósticos por DNA Instituto de Biologia Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Brazil

Laboratorio Genetix S A Panamá Panama

Laboratory of Forensic Genetics Institute of Criminalistics Prague Czech Republic

Landeskriminalamt Baden Württemberg Germany

Molecular Biology and Forensic Genetics Laboratory Shantou University Medical College Shantou China

Molecular Biology Laboratory American University of Science and Technology Beirut Lebanon and School of Criminal Justice University of Lausanne Switzerland

National Forensic Laboratory Ljubljana Slovenia

National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg USA

National Research Institute of Police Science Chiba Japan

Philippine National Police Crime Laboratory Quezon City Philippines

School of Forensic Medicine Kunming Medical University Kunming China

Section of Forensic Genetics Department of Forensic Medicine Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Denmark

Section of Legal Medicine Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona Italy

Sezione di Medicina Legale Dipartimento di Medicina e Sanità Pubblica Università degli Studi di Verona Italy

Subdivision of Biological and Biochemical Examinations and Analyses F S D Hellenic Police Athens Greece

The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Wellcome Trust Genome Campus Hinxton UK

Unidade de Xenética Forense Instituto de Ciencias Forenses Grupo de Medicina Xenómica Facultade de Medicina Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Spain

Unidade de Xenética Forense Instituto de Ciencias Forenses Grupo de Medicina Xenómica Facultade de Medicina Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Spain; Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK

Unidade de Xenética Forense Instituto de Ciencias Forenses Grupo de Medicina Xenómica Facultade de Medicina Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Spain; Forensic Genetics Laboratory Institute of Legal Medicine Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome Italy

Unidade de Xenética Forense Instituto de Ciencias Forenses Grupo de Medicina Xenómica Facultade de Medicina Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Spain; PRICAI Fundación Favaloro Buenos Aires Argentina

Universidad de Buenos Aires Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica Servicio de Huellas Digitales Genetica and CONICET Buenos Aires Argentina

University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne Geneva Lausanne Switzerland

University of the Western Cape Biotechnology Department Forensic DNA Laboratory Cape Town South Africa

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