Disruption of species interactions is a key issue in climate change biology. Interactions involving forest trees may be particularly vulnerable due to evolutionary rate limitations imposed by long generation times. One mitigation strategy for such impacts is Climate matching - the augmentation of local native tree populations by input from nonlocal populations currently experiencing predicted future climates. This strategy is controversial because of potential cascading impacts on locally adapted animal communities. We explored these impacts using abundance data for local native gallwasp herbivores sampled from 20 provenances of sessile oak (Quercus petraea) planted in a common garden trial. We hypothesized that non-native provenances would show (i) declining growth performance with increasing distance between provenance origin and trial site, and (ii) phenological differences to local oaks that increased with latitudinal differences between origin and trial site. Under a local adaptation hypothesis, we predicted declining gallwasp abundance with increasing phenological mismatch between native and climate-matched trees. Both hypotheses for oaks were supported. Provenance explained significant variation in gallwasp abundance, but no gall type showed the relationship between abundance and phenological mismatch predicted by a local adaptation hypothesis. Our results show that climate matching would have complex and variable impacts on oak gall communities.

Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Edinburgh UK

Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Wallingford UK

Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Wallingford UK ; Faculty of Science Biology Center The Czech Academy of Sciences University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic

INRA UMR 1202 BIOGECO Cestas France ; UMR 1202 BIOGECO University of Bordeaux Talence France

Institute of Evolutionary Biology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK

Institute of Evolutionary Biology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK ; Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Wallingford UK

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