A considerable body of research cross-culturally examines the evolution of religious traditions, beliefs and behaviors. The bulk of this research, however, draws from coded qualitative ethnographies rather than from standardized methods specifically designed to measure religious beliefs and behaviors. Psychological data sets that examine religious thought and behavior in controlled conditions tend to be disproportionately sampled from student populations. Some cross-national databases employ standardized methods at the individual level, but are primarily focused on fully market integrated, state-level societies. The Evolution of Religion and Morality Project sought to generate a data set that systematically probed individual level measures sampling across a wider range of human populations. The set includes data from behavioral economic experiments and detailed surveys of demographics, religious beliefs and practices, material security, and intergroup perceptions. This paper describes the methods and variables, briefly introduces the sites and sampling techniques, notes inconsistencies across sites, and provides some basic reporting for the data set.

Culture and Development Laboratory Department of Psychology The University of Texas at Austin 1 University Station A8000 Austin Texas 78712 0187 USA

Department of Anthropology University of Connecticut 354 Mansfield Road Unit 1176 Storrs Connecticut 06029 USA

Department of Economics University of British Columbia 2136 West Mall Vancouver British Columbia Canada V6T 1Z4

Department of Human Behavior Ecology and Culture Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Deutscher Platz 6 Leipzig 04103 Germany

Department of Human Evolutionary Biology Harvard University 11 Divinity Ave Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA

Department of Psychology University of British Columbia 2136 West Mall Vancouver British Columbia Canada V6T 1Z4

Department of Psychology University of Pennsylvania Solomon Laboratories 3720 Walnut Street Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 6241 USA

Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology University of Oxford 64 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 6PN UK

Interacting Minds Centre Aarhus University Jens Chr Skous Vej 4 build 1483 Aarhus DK 8000 Denmark

LEVYNA Masaryk University Brno 60200 Czech Republic

Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History Kahlaische Strasse 10 Jena D 07745 Germany

School of Psychology University of Auckland Human Sciences Building East Level 5 Room 201E 523 10 Symonds St Auckland 1010 New Zealand

Přidružená datová sada

doi: 10.1038/nature16980 PubMed

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Purzycki B. 2016. Harvard Dataverse. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ERKCLS DOI

Purzycki B. 2016. Harvard Dataverse. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/RT5JTV DOI

Botero C. A. et al. The ecology of religious beliefs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci 111, 16784–16789 (2014). PubMed PMC

Henrich J., Heine S. J. & Norenzayan A. The weirdest people in the world? Behav. Brain Sci. 33, 61–83 (2010). PubMed

Peoples H. C. & Marlowe F. W. Subsistence and the evolution of religion. Hum. Nat. 23, 253–269 (2012). PubMed

Roes F. L. & Raymond M. Belief in moralizing gods. Evol. Hum. Behav. 24, 126–135 (2003).

Sears D. O. College sophomores in the laboratory: Influences of a narrow data base on social psychology’s view of human nature. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 51, 515–530 (1986).

Shariff A. F. & Rhemtulla M. Divergent effects of beliefs in heaven and hell on national crime rates. PLoS ONE 7, e39048 (2012). PubMed PMC

Snarey J. The natural environment’s impact upon religious ethics: A cross-cultural study. J. Sci. Study Relig 35, 85–96 (1996).

Stark R. Gods, rituals, and the moral order. J. Sci. Study Relig 40, 619–636 (2001).

Swanson G. E. The Birth of the Gods: The Origin of Primitive Beliefs (University of Michigan Press, 1960).

Watts J. et al. Broad supernatural punishment but not moralizing high gods precede the evolution of political complexity in Austronesia. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 282, 20142556 (2015). PubMed PMC

Purzycki B. G. et al. Moralistic gods, supernatural punishment and the expansion of human sociality. Nature 530, 327–330 (2016). PubMed

Atran S. & Henrich J. The evolution of religion: How cognitive by-products, adaptive learning heuristics, ritual displays, and group competition generate deep commitments to prosocial religions. Biol. Theory 5, 18–30 (2010).

Bulbulia J. et al. in Cultural Evolution: Society, Technology, Language, and Religion 381–404 (The MIT Press, 2013).

Norenzayan A. Big Gods: How Religion Transformed Cooperation and Conflict (Princeton University Press, 2013).

Purzycki B. G. & Sosis R. in The Biological Evolution of Religious Mind and Behavior 243–256 (2009).

Sosis R. & Ruffle B. J. Religious ritual and cooperation: Testing for a relationship on Israeli religious and secular kibbutzim. Curr. Anthropol. 44, 713–722 (2003).

Xygalatas D. et al. Extreme rituals promote prosociality. Psychol. Sci. 24, 1602–1605 (2013). PubMed

Piazza J., Bering J. M. & Ingram G. ‘Princess Alice is watching you’: Children’s belief in an invisible person inhibits cheating. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 109, 311–320 (2011). PubMed

Rossano M. J. Supernaturalizing social life. Hum. Nat 18, 272–294 (2007). PubMed

Gervais W. M. & Norenzayan A. Like a camera in the sky? Thinking about God increases public self-awareness and socially desirable responding. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 48, 298–302 (2012).

Hartberg Y., Cox M. & Villamayor-Tomas S. Supernatural monitoring and sanctioning in community-based resource management. Relig. Brain Behav 6, 95–111 (2016).

Johnson D. D. P. God’s punishment and public goods: A test of the supernatural punishment hypothesis in 186 world cultures. Hum. Nat. 16, 410–446 (2005). PubMed

Johnson D. D. P. Big Gods, small wonder: supernatural punishment strikes back. Relig. Brain Behav. 5, 290–298 (2015).

McNamara R. A., Norenzayan A. & Henrich J. Supernatural punishment, in-group biases, and material insecurity: experiments and ethnography from Yasawa, Fiji. Relig. Brain Behav 6, 34–55 (2016).

Schloss J. P. & Murray M. J. Evolutionary accounts of belief in supernatural punishment: a critical review. Relig. Brain Behav 1, 46–99 (2011).

Boehm C. in Evolution of Religion: Studies, Theories, and Critiques (eds Bulbulia J., Sosis R., Harris, Erica, Genet R. & Wyman K. 143–152 (Collins Foundation Press, 2008).

Purzycki B. G. The minds of gods: A comparative study of supernatural agency. Cognition 129, 163–179 (2013). PubMed

Purzycki B. G., Sosis R. in Essential building blocks of human nature (eds Frey U. J., Störmer C. & Willführ K. P. 77–93 (Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011).

Sanderson S. K. Adaptation, evolution, and religion. Religion 38, 141–156 (2008).

Wallace A. F. C. Religion: An anthropological view (McGraw-Hill, 1966).

Boyd R., Richerson P. J. & Henrich J. The cultural niche: Why social learning is essential for human adaptation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 108, 10918–10925 (2011). PubMed PMC

Henrich J. The Secret of Our Success: How Culture Is Driving Human Evolution, Domesticating Our Species, and Making Us Smarter (Princeton University Press, 2015).

Richerson P. J. & Henrich J. Tribal social instincts and the cultural evolution of institutions to solve collective action problems. Cliodynamics J. Theor. Math. Hist 3, 38–80 (2012).

Norenzayan A. et al. The cultural evolution of prosocial religions. Behav. Brain Sci. 39, e1 (2016). PubMed

Hruschka D. et al. Impartial institutions, pathogen stress and the expanding social network. Hum. Nat 25, 567–579 (2014). PubMed

Bonnemaison J. The Tree and the Canoe: History and Ethnogeography of Tanna (University of Hawaii Press, 1994).

Guiart J. Culture Contact and the ‘John Frum’ Movement on Tanna, New Hebrides. Southwest. J. Anthropol 12, 105–116 (1956).

Lindstrom L. Leftamap Kastom: The Political History of Tradition on Tanna, Vanuatu. Mankind 13, 316–329 (1982).

Marlowe F. The Hadza: Hunter-gatherers of Tanzania (University of California Press, 2010).

Kelly J. D. in Questioning Ramayanas: A South Asian Tradition (University of California Press, 2001).

Lal B. V. Broken Waves: A History of the Fiji Islands in the Twentieth Century (University of Hawaii Press, 1992).

Lal B. V. & Yadav Y. Hinduism under indenture: Totaram Sanadhya’s account of Fiji. J. Pac. Hist 30, 99–111 (1995).

Carmeli Y. S. & Eriksen T. H. Common Denominators: Ethnicity, Nation-Building and Compromise in Mauritius (Bloomsbury Academic, 1998).

Statistics Mauritius. Housing and Population Census (Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, 2011).

Xygalatas D. Effects of religious setting on cooperative behavior: a case study from Mauritius. Relig. Brain Behav 3, 91–102 (2013).

Coutinho R. Z. & Golgher A. B. The changing landscape of religious affiliation in Brazil between 1980 and 2010: age, period, and cohort perspectives. Rev. Bras. Estud. Popul 31, 73–98 (2014).

Cohen E. The Mind Possessed: The Cognition of Spirit Possession in an Afro-Brazilian Religious Tradition (Oxford University Press, 2007).

Vainshtein S. Nomads of South Siberia: The Pastoral Economies of Tuva (Cambridge University Press, 2009).

Purzycki B. G. Spirit masters, ritual cairns, and the adaptive religious system in Tyva. Sibirica 9, 21–47 (2010).

Purzycki B. G. & Arakchaa T. Ritual behavior and trust in the Tyva Republic. Curr. Anthropol. 54, 381–388 (2013).

Henrich J. & Henrich N. The evolution of cultural adaptations: Fijian food taboos protect against dangerous marine toxins. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci 277, 3715–3724 (2010). PubMed PMC

Gervais M. M. Structures of Sentiment: Mapping the Affective Bases of Social Relationships in Yasawa, Fiji (University of California, 2013).

Shaver J. H. The evolution of stratification in Fijian ritual participation. Relig. Brain Behav 5, 101–117 (2015).

Kline M. A., Boyd R. & Henrich J. Teaching and the life history of cultural transmission in Fijian villages. Hum. Nat. 24, 351–374 (2013). PubMed

Bateson M., Nettle D. & Roberts G. Cues of being watched enhance cooperation in a real-world setting. Biol. Lett 2, 412–414 (2006). PubMed PMC

Haley K. J. & Fessler D. M. T. Nobody’s watching?: Subtle cues affect generosity in an anonymous economic game. Evol. Hum. Behav. 26, 245–256 (2005).

Krátký J., McGraw J. J., Xygalatas D., Mitkidis P. & Reddish P. It depends who is watching you: 3-D agent cues increase fairness. PLoS ONE 11, e0148845 (2016). PubMed PMC

Nettle D. et al. The watching eyes effect in the Dictator Game: it’s not how much you give, it’s being seen to give something. Evol. Hum. Behav. 34, 35–40 (2013).

Swann W. B. Jr., Gómez Á., Conor D., Francisco J. & Huici C. Identity fusion: The interplay of personal and social identities in extreme group behavior. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 96, 995–1011 (2009). PubMed

Frey U. J., Störmer C. & Willführ K. P. The nature of God: Evolution and Religion (Kubitza, Heinz-Werner, Dr, Tectum Verlag, 2010).

Watts F. & Turner L. P. Evolution, Religion, and Cognitive Science: Critical and Constructive Essays (Oxford University Press, 2014).

Gods are watching and so what? Moralistic supernatural punishment across 15 cultures