Tear production, intraocular pressure and conjunctival bacterial flora in selected captive wild ruminants
Language English Country England, Great Britain Media print-electronic
Document type Journal Article
PubMed
28493440
DOI
10.1111/vop.12478
Knihovny.cz E-resources
- Keywords
- Schirmer's tear test, conjunctival microflora, eye, intraocular pressure, ungulates, wild animals,
- MeSH
- Animals, Wild MeSH
- Gram-Negative Bacteria genetics isolation & purification MeSH
- Gram-Positive Bacteria genetics isolation & purification MeSH
- Conjunctiva microbiology MeSH
- Goats MeSH
- Intraocular Pressure MeSH
- Ocular Physiological Phenomena * MeSH
- Sheep, Domestic MeSH
- Ruminants physiology MeSH
- Rupicapra MeSH
- Tears physiology MeSH
- Tonometry, Ocular veterinary MeSH
- Deer MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Slovenia MeSH
OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of tear production (Schirmer's tear test, STT) and measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) were performed in a population of captive wild ungulates in a Slovenian ZOO during routine annual health check. ANIMALS STUDIED: In total, 10 fallow deer (Dama dama), 25 mouflons (Ovis aries musimon), 20 alpine ibexes (Capra ibex), and three alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) were included in the study. METHODS: Tear production was performed by Schirmer's tear test, IOP was measured with an applanation tonometer, and ophthalmological examination was conducted with slit-lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy. Conjunctival swabs were taken and submitted for aerobic bacteriology and for detection of Chlamydia spp. and Mycoplasma spp. tested by PCR. RESULTS: Average tear production (in mm/min) was 17.8 ± 3.16 for fallow deer, 17.9 ± 3.87 for mouflons, and 11.7 ± 3.87 for ibexes. Mean intraocular pressure (IOP, in mm Hg) was 14.1 ± 2.48 for fallow deer, 14.9 ± 2.20 for mouflons, and 13.1 ± 2.43 for ibexes. For chamois, average tear production and IOP were 14.5 ± 3.0 and 10.2 ± 2.5, respectively; this is the first record of STT I and IOP in chamois. Bacteriological swabs were positive for bacteria in 100% of the fallow deer, 56% of mouflons, 35% of ibexes, and 100% of chamois. Gram-positive bacteria were predominant. Moraxella spp., Chlamydia spp., and Mycoplasma spp. were not detected. CONCLUSION: The reported values were obtained in animals under manual restraint only to be applicative in similar conditions.
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