OBJECTIVES: Resonance tube phonation with tube end in water is a voice therapy method in which the patient phonates through a glass tube, keeping the free end of the tube submerged in water, creating bubbles. The purpose of this experimental study was to determine flow-pressure relationship, flow thresholds between bubble types, and bubble frequency as a function of flow and back volume. METHODS: A flow-driven vocal tract simulator was used for recording the back pressure produced by resonance tubes with inner diameters of 8 and 9 mm submerged at water depths of 0-7 cm. Visual inspection of bubble types through video recording was also performed. RESULTS: The static back pressure was largely determined by the water depth. The narrower tube provided a slightly higher back pressure for a given flow and depth. The amplitude of the pressure oscillations increased with flow and depth. Depending on flow, the bubbles were emitted from the tube in three distinct types with increasing flow: one by one, pairwise, and in a chaotic manner. The bubble frequency was slightly higher for the narrower tube. An increase in back volume led to a decrease in bubble frequency. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides data on the physical properties of resonance tube phonation with the tube end in water. This information will be useful in future research when looking into the possible effects of this type of voice training.

Division of Speech and Language Pathology Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology Stockholm Sweden

Division of Speech and Language Pathology Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology Stockholm Sweden; Functional Area Speech and Language Pathology Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden

Faculty of Arts Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland

Faculty of Arts Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland; Department of Special Needs Education Faculty of Educational Sciences University of Oslo Oslo Norway

Faculty of Culture and Language Sciences Department of English and Language Sciences University of St Mark and St John Plymouth UK

Voice Research Lab Department of Biophysics Faculty of Science Palacky University Olomouc Olomouc Czech Republic

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