Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from the group of persistent organic pollutants are detected in human tissues years or even decades after their ban. Exposure to PCBs and OCPs can pose risks to human health. In the present study, we calculated the daily intakes of PCBs and OCPs in the Czech population and investigated the long-term trends of human exposure to POPs. Data on POP concentrations from a 16-year period of breast-milk monitoring were used. A toxicokinetic model with consideration of compound-specific elimination half-lives was used to calculate the mothers' daily intake of PCBs and OCPs representing the intake of POPs by all exposure routes. The calculated intakes were compared with dietary intakes calculated by the Czech National Institute of Public Health. The comparison shows good agreement of both intake estimates with decreasing intake trends of POPs in the Czech population in the time period studied. However, several fluctuations with peaks of higher levels were observed in both datasets which are not typical for the period after the ban of use and production of POPs. The available evidence suggests that the increases in chemical concentrations might be caused by food contamination. The calculated intakes of compounds with longer elimination half-lives, such as higher-chlorinated PCBs, were higher in older mothers. This "memory effect" was already observed in other studies and indicates higher exposure in earlier life periods of the mother. Our results suggest that exposure to POPs is still relevant for the Czech population in the period after the ban of the use and production of POPs (post-ban period), especially via food ingestion, though the intake trends are decreasing. Possible food contamination by POPs in the post-ban period requires further assessment.

Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering ETH Zürich Vladimir Prelog Weg 1 CH 8093 Zürich Switzerland

Masaryk University Faculty of Science RECETOX Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment Kamenice 753 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic

Masaryk University Faculty of Science RECETOX Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment Kamenice 753 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic; Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering ETH Zürich Vladimir Prelog Weg 1 CH 8093 Zürich Switzerland

National Institute of Public Health Šrobárova 48 CZ 10042 Prague Czech Republic

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