Voltammetric behavior of muscle relaxant dantrolene sodium (DAN) was studied and the voltammetric methods for its determination using polished and mercury meniscus modified silver solid amalgam electrodes (p-AgSAE and m-AgSAE) as well as using bismuth film electrode (BiFE, ex situ plating on GCE) have been proposed. These working electrodes represent the most commonly used alternatives to mercury ones which come wrongfully into disfavor because of alleged toxicity of mercury. Within this work, the obtained results of DAN determination have been completed by corresponding statistical parameters and also some electrochemical characteristics of AgSAEs and BiFE were assessed, especially in comparison with the mercury electrodes.

Faculty of Chemical Technology Institute of Environmental and Chemical Engineering University of Pardubice Studentská 573 53210 Pardubice Czech Republic

J Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the CAS v v i Dolejškova 3 182 23 Prague 8 Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

European parliament. Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EE

Novotný L., Yosypchuk B. Solid silver amalgam electrodes. Chemicke Listy. 2000;94(12):1118–1120.

Mikkelsen Ø., Schrøder K. Dental amalgam in voltammetry some preliminary results. Analytical Letters. 2000;33(15):3253–3269. doi: 10.1080/00032719.2000.10399499. DOI

Yosypchuk B., Barek J. Analytical applications of solid and paste amalgam electrodes. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry. 2009;39(3):189–203. doi: 10.1080/10408340903011838. DOI

Yosypchuk B., Šestáková I. Working electrodes from amalgam paste for electrochemical measurements. Electroanalysis. 2008;20(4):426–433. doi: 10.1002/elan.200704075. DOI

Yosypchuk B., Navrátil T., Lukina A. N., Pecková K., Barek J. Solid amalgam composite electrode as a new sensor for the determination of biologically active compounds. Chemia Analityczna. 2007;52(6):897–910.

Danhel A., Mansfeldova V., Janda P., Vyskocil V., Barek J. Crystallic silver amalgam - A novel electrode material. Analyst. 2011;136(18):3656–3662. doi: 10.1039/c1an15342k. PubMed DOI

Fadrná R. Polished silver solid amalgam electrode: Further characterization and applications in voltammetric measurements. Analytical Letters. 2004;37(15):3255–3270. doi: 10.1081/AL-200040338. DOI

Yosypchuk B., Novotný L. Voltammetric determination of Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn and Tl using the silver solid amalgam electrode. Chemicke Listy. 2002;96(9):p. 760.

Čížková P., Navrátil T., Šestáková I., Yosypchuk B. Verification of applicability of mercury meniscus modified silver solid amalgam electrode for determination of heavy metals in plant matrices. Electroanalysis. 2007;19(2-3):161–171. doi: 10.1002/elan.200603687. DOI

Yosypchuk B., Novotný L. Determination of iodates using silver solid amalgam electrodes. Electroanalysis. 2002;14(15-16):1138–1142. doi: 10.1002/1521-4109(200208)14:15/16<1138::AID-ELAN1138>3.0.CO;2-#. DOI

Barek J., Fischer J., Navrátil T., Pecková K., Yosypchuk B., Zima J. Nontraditional electrode materials in environmental analysis of biologically active organic compounds. Electroanalysis. 2007;19(19-20):2003–2014. doi: 10.1002/elan.200703918. DOI

Barek J., Peckova K., Vyskocil V. Adsorptive stripping voltammetry of environmental carcinogens. Current Analytical Chemistry. 2008;4(3):242–249. doi: 10.2174/157341108784911325. DOI

Danhel A., Barek J. Amalgam electrodes in organic electrochemistry. Current Organic Chemistry. 2011;15(17):2957–2969. doi: 10.2174/138527211798357218. DOI

Selesovska-Fadrna R., Navratil T., Vlcek M. Liquid mercury-free silver solid amalgam electrode – tool for organic electrochemical measurements. Chemia Analityczna (Warsaw) 2007;52:911–929.

Bandžuchová L., Šelešovská R., Navrátil T., Chýlková J. Electrochemical behavior of folic acid on mercury meniscus modified silver solid amalgam electrode. Electrochimica Acta. 2011;56(5):2411–2419. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.10.090. DOI

Bandzuchova L., Selesovska R. Voltammetric determination of folic acid using liquid mercury free silver amalgam electrode. Acta Chimica Slovenica. 2011;58(4):776–784. PubMed

Bandžuchová L., Šelešovská R., Navrátil T., Chýlková J. Sensitive voltammetric method for determination of herbicide triasulfuron using silver solid amalgam electrode. Electrochimica Acta. 2013;113:1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.09.077. DOI

Fadrná R., Yosypchuk B., Fojta M., Navrátil T., Novotný L. Voltammetric Determination of Adenine, Guanine, and DNA Using Liquid Mercury Free Polished Silver Solid Amalgam Electrode. Analytical Letters. 2004;37(3):399–413. doi: 10.1081/AL-120028615. DOI

Fadrná R., Cahová-Kucharíková K., Havran L., Yosypchuk B., Fojta M. Use of polished and mercury film-modified silver solid amalgam electrodes in electrochemical analysis of DNA. Electroanalysis. 2005;17(5-6):452–459. doi: 10.1002/elan.200403181. DOI

Kuchariková K., Novotny L., Yosypchuk B., Fojta M. Detecting DNA damage with a silver solid amalgam electrode. Electroanalysis. 2004;16(5):410–414. doi: 10.1002/elan.200302874. DOI

Šelešovská-Fadrná R., Fojta M., Navrátil T., Chýlková J. Brdička-type processes of cysteine and cysteine-containing peptides on silver amalgam electrodes. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2007;582(2):344–352. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.08.064. PubMed DOI

Wang J., Lu J., Hocevar S. B., Farias P. A. M., Ogorevc B. Bismuth-coated carbon electrodes for anodic stripping voltammetry. Analytical Chemistry. 2000;72(14):3218–3222. doi: 10.1021/ac000108x. PubMed DOI

Economou A. Bismuth-film electrodes: recent developments and potentialities for electroanalysis. TrAC—Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 2005;24(4):334–340. doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2004.11.006. DOI

Hočevar S. B., Ogorevc B., Wang J., Pihlar B. A study on operational parameters for advanced use of bismuth film electrode in anodic stripping voltammetry. Electroanalysis. 2002;14(24):1707–1712. doi: 10.1002/elan.200290014. DOI

Wang J., Lu J., Hocevar S. B., Ogorevc B. Bismuth-coated screen-printed electrodes for stripping voltammetric measurements of trace lead. Electroanalysis. 2001;13(1):13–16. doi: 10.1002/1521-4109(200101)13:1<13::AID-ELAN13>3.0.CO;2-F. doi: 10.1002/1521-4109(200101)13:1<13::AID-ELAN13>3.0.CO;2-F. DOI

Serrano N., Alberich A., Díaz-Cruz J. M., Ariño C., Esteban M. Coating methods, modifiers and applications of bismuth screen-printed electrodes. TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 2013;46:15–29. doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.01.012. DOI

Deylova D., Vyskocil V., Economou A., Mansfeldová V., Barek J. A new type of large-surface bismuth film electrode on a silver solid amalgam substrate and its application for the voltammetric determination of 5-nitrobenzimidazole. International Journal of Electrochemical Science. 2014;9(8):4653–4664.

Deýlová D., Vyskočil V., Barek J., Economou A. Bismuth film electrode at a silver solid amalgam substrate as a new tool for voltammetric determination of electrochemically reducible organic compounds. Talanta. 2012;102:68–74. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.07.044. PubMed DOI

Svancara I., Vytras K. Electroanalysis with bismuth electrodes: State of the art and future prospects. Chemicke Listy. 2006;100(2):90–113.

Wang J., Lu J. Bismuth film electrodes for adsorptive stripping voltammetry of trace nickel. Electrochemistry Communications. 2000;2(6):390–393. doi: 10.1016/S1388-2481(00)00045-X. DOI

Švancara I., Prior C., Hočevar S. B., Wang J. A decade with bismuth-based electrodes in electroanalysis. Electroanalysis. 2010;22(13):1405–1420. doi: 10.1002/elan.200970017. DOI

Vytřas K., Švancara I., Metelka R. A novelty in potentiometric stripping analysis: Total replacement of mercury by bismuth. Electroanalysis. 2002;14(19-20):1359–1364. doi: 10.1002/1521-4109(200211)14:19/20<1359::AID-ELAN1359>3.0.CO;2-P. doi: 10.1002/1521-4109(200211)14:19/20<1359::AID-ELAN1359>3.0.CO;2-P. DOI

Wang J. Stripping analysis at bismuth electrodes: A review. Electroanalysis. 2005;17(15-16):1341–1346. doi: 10.1002/elan.200403270. DOI

Hutton E. A., Hočevar S. B., Mauko L., Ogorevc B. Bismuth film electrode for anodic stripping voltammetric determination of tin. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2006;580(2):244–250. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.07.075. PubMed DOI

Mardegan A., Dal Borgo S., Scopece P., Moretto L. M., Hočevar S. B., Ugo P. Bismuth modified gold nanoelectrode ensemble for stripping voltammetric determination of lead. Electrochemistry Communications. 2012;24(1):28–31. doi: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.08.012. DOI

Pierini G. D., Granero A. M., Di Nezio M. S., Centurión M. E., Zon M. A., Fernández H. Development of an electroanalytical method for the determination of lead in Argentina raw propolis based on bismuth electrodes. Microchemical Journal. 2013;106:102–106. doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2012.05.015. DOI

Campestrini I., de Braga O. C., Vieira I. C., Spinelli A. Application of bismuth-film electrode for cathodic electroanalytical determination of sulfadiazine. Electrochimica Acta. 2010;55(17):4970–4975. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.03.105. DOI

Štěpánková M., Šelešovská R., Janíková L., Chýlková J., Švancara I. Sensitive electrochemical sensor for the determination of folic acid based on a bismuth-film electrode. Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly. 2017;148(3):423–433. doi: 10.1007/s00706-016-1849-9. DOI

De Lima C. A., Spinelli A. Electrochemical behavior of progesterone at an ex situ bismuth film electrode. Electrochimica Acta. 2013;107:542–548. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.05.141. DOI

Snydeh H. R., Jr., Davis C. S., Bickerton R. K., Halliday R. P. 1-[(5-Arylfurfurylidene)amino]hydantoins. A new class of muscle relaxants. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 1967;10(5):807–810. doi: 10.1021/jm00317a011. PubMed DOI

Krause T., Gerbershagen M. U., Fiege M., Weißhorn R., Wappler F. Dantrolene - A review of its pharmacology, therapeutic use and new developments. Anaesthesia. 2004;59(4):364–373. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.03658.x. PubMed DOI

Hackett L. P., Dusci L. J. Determination of dantrolene sodium in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A. 1979;179(1):222–224. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(00)80682-2. PubMed DOI

Lalande M., Mills P., Peterson R. G. Determination of dantrolene and its reduced and oxidized metabolites in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications. 1988;430(C):187–191. doi: 10.1016/S0378-4347(00)83151-5. PubMed DOI

Hadad G. M., Emara S., Mahmoud W. M. M. Development and validation of a stability-indicating RP-HPLC method for the determination of paracetamol with dantrolene or/and cetirizine and pseudoephedrine in two pharmaceutical dosage forms. Talanta. 2009;79(5):1360–1367. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2009.06.003. PubMed DOI

Rashed N. S., Abdallah O. M., Farag R. S., Awad S. S. Validated bivariate calibration spectrophotometric and high performance liquid chromatographic methods for simultaneous determination of dantrolene sodium and paracetamol in pharmaceutical dosage form. Advances in Analytical Chemistry. 2014;4(1):1–8. doi: 10.12677/AAC.2014.41001. DOI

Cox P. L., Heotis J. P., Polin D., Rose G. M. Quantitative determination of dantrolene sodium and its metabolites by differential pulse polarography. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1969;58(8):987–989. doi: 10.1002/jps.2600580818. PubMed DOI

Reddy C. S., Reddy S. J. Differential pulse polarographic determination of dantrolene. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 1992;54(1):41–44.

Ghoneim E. M. Electroreduction of the muscle relaxant drug dantrolene sodium at the mercury electrode and its determination in bulk form and pharmaceutical formulation. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2007;55(10):1483–1488. doi: 10.1248/cpb.55.1483. PubMed DOI

Livertoux M. H., Jayyosi Z., Batt A. M. Study of the physicochemical properties of aqueous dantrolene solutions by differential pulse polarography. Talanta. 1988;35(8):613–619. doi: 10.1016/0039-9140(88)80142-5. PubMed DOI

Hendawy H. A., El Kady E. F., El Qudaby H. M., Omran M. A. Highly sensitive voltammetric determination of dantrolene sodium in pure form, pharmaceuticals, human breast milk and urine at pencil graphite and glassy carbon electrode. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2016;3(10):1210–1222.

Selesovska R., Martinkova P., Kucerova M., Navratil T. Voltammetric method for determination of muscle relaxant dantrolene sodium using a boron-doped diamond electrode. Scientific Papers of the University of Pardubice, Series A. 2016;22:117–130.

Selesovska R., Martinkova P., Stepankova M. Voltammetric behavior of muscle relaxant dantrolene sodium on silver solid amalgam and bismuth film electrodes. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Electroanalysis; 12–16 June 2016; Bath, UK. PubMed PMC

Novotný L. Development of renewed mercury multi-purpose (multi-mode, versatile) microelectrodes, a part of PC-controlled measuring systems (including the PC-ETP) Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 1998;362(2):184–188. doi: 10.1007/s002160051056. DOI

Nigović B., Šimunić B., Hocevar S. Voltammetric measurements of aminosalicylate drugs using bismuth film electrode. Electrochimica Acta. 2009;54(24):5678–5683. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.05.006. DOI

Trnková L., Dračka O. Elimination voltammetry. Experimental verification and extension of theoretical results. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 1996;413(1-2):123–129. doi: 10.1016/0022-0728(96)04674-8. DOI

Dračka O. Theory of current elimination in linear scan voltammetry. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 1996;402(1-2):19–28. doi: 10.1016/0022-0728(95)04257-1. DOI

Šelešovská R., Bandžuchová L., Navrátil T., Chýlková J. Voltammetric determination of leucovorin using silver solid amalgam electrode. Electrochimica Acta. 2012;60:375–383. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.11.071. DOI

Sander S., Navrátil T., Novotný L. Study of the Complexation, Adsorption and Electrode Reaction Mechanisms of Chromium(VI) and (III) with DTPA under Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric Conditions. Electroanalysis. 2003;15(19):1513–1521. doi: 10.1002/elan.200302735. DOI

Trnková L., Kizek R., Dračka O. Application of elimination voltammetry to adsorptive stripping of DNA. Electroanalysis. 2000;12(12):905–911. doi: 10.1002/1521-4109(200008)12:12<905::AID-ELAN905>3.0.CO;2-R. doi: 10.1002/1521-4109(200008)12:12<905::AID-ELAN905>3.0.CO;2-R. DOI

Comparison Study of Voltammetric Behavior of Muscle Relaxant Dantrolene Sodium on Silver Solid Amalgam and Bismuth Film Electrodes