OBJECTIVES: Gut bacteriome profiling studies in type 1 diabetes (T1D) to date are mostly limited to populations of Europe, with two studies from China and one study each from Mexico and the USA. We therefore sought to characterize the stool bacteriome in children after onset of T1D along with age- and place-matched control subjects from four geographically distant African and Asian countries. METHODS: Samples were collected from 73 children and adolescents shortly after T1D onset (Azerbaijan 19, Jordan 20, Nigeria 14, Sudan 20) and 104 matched control subjects of similar age and locale. Genotyping of major T1D susceptibility genes was performed using saliva or blood samples. The bacteriome was profiled by next-generation sequencing of 16S rDNA. Negative binomial regression was used to model associations, with adjustment for the matched structure of the study. RESULTS: A significant positive association with T1D was noted for the genus Escherichia (class Gammaproteobacteria, phylum Proteobacteria), whereas Eubacterium and Roseburia, two genera of class Clostridia, phylum Firmicutes, were inversely associated with T1D. We also confirmed a previously observed inverse association with Clostridium clusters IV or XIVa. No associations were noted for richness, evenness, or enterotypes. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our results, some type of distortion of the gut bacteriome appears to be a global feature of T1D, and our findings for four distant populations add new candidates to the existing list of bacteria. It remains to be established whether the observed associations are markers or causative factors.

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health University of Khartoum Faculty of Medicine Khartoum Sudan

Department of Paediatrics and Child Health University of Khartoum Faculty of Medicine Khartoum Sudan; Sudan Childhood Diabetes Center Khartoum Sudan

Department of Pediatrics 2nd Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague and University Hospital Motol 5 Uvalu 84 Prague 5 Czech Republic

Department of Pediatrics Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki Ebonyi State University Abakaliki Nigeria

Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine University of Jordan Amman Jordan

Endocrine Centre Baku Str 1 Hashimov 4A AZ1114 Baku Azerbaijan

References provided by Crossref.org

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Diabetes and gut microbiome

Blastocystis in the faeces of children from six distant countries: prevalence, quantity, subtypes and the relation to the gut bacteriome