Self-organization is the generation of order out of local interactions. It is deeply connected to many fields of science from physics, chemistry to biology, all based on physical interactions. The emergence of collective animal behavior is the result of self-organization processes as well, though they involve abstract interactions arising from sensory inputs, information processing, storage, and feedback. Resulting collective behaviors are found, for example, in crowds of people, flocks of birds, and swarms of bacteria. Here we introduce interactions between active microparticles which are based on the information about other particle positions. A real-time feedback of multiple active particle positions is the information source for the propulsion direction of these particles. The emerging structures require continuous information flows. They reveal frustrated geometries due to confinement to two dimensions and internal dynamical degrees of freedom that are reminiscent of physically bound systems, though they exist only as nonequilibrium structures.

Department of Chemistry Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA

Department of Macromolecular Physics Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Charles University 5 Holešovičkách 2 CZ 180 00 Praha Czech Republic

Institute for Theoretical Physics Universität Leipzig 04103 Leipzig Germany

Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics Universität Leipzig 04103 Leipzig Germany

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