BACKGROUND: This paper aims to investigate the correlations between the concentrations of nine heavy metals in moss and atmospheric deposition within ecological land classes covering Europe. Additionally, it is examined to what extent the statistical relations are affected by the land use around the moss sampling sites. Based on moss data collected in 2010/2011 throughout Europe and data on total atmospheric deposition modelled by two chemical transport models (EMEP MSC-E, LOTOS-EUROS), correlation coefficients between concentrations of heavy metals in moss and in modelled atmospheric deposition were specified for spatial subsamples defined by ecological land classes of Europe (ELCE) as a spatial reference system. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and logistic regression (LR) were then used to separate moss sampling sites regarding their contribution to the strength of correlation considering the areal percentage of urban, agricultural and forestry land use around the sampling location. After verification LDA models by LR, LDA models were used to transform spatial information on the land use to maps of potential correlation levels, applicable for future network planning in the European Moss Survey. RESULTS: Correlations between concentrations of heavy metals in moss and in modelled atmospheric deposition were found to be specific for elements and ELCE units. Land use around the sampling sites mainly influences the correlation level. Small radiuses around the sampling sites examined (5 km) are more relevant for Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn, while the areal percentage of urban and agricultural land use within large radiuses (75-100 km) is more relevant for As, Cr, Hg, Pb, and V. Most valid LDA models pattern with error rates of < 40% were found for As, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and V. Land use-dependent predictions of spatial patterns split up Europe into investigation areas revealing potentially high (= above-average) or low (= below-average) correlation coefficients. CONCLUSIONS: LDA is an eligible method identifying and ranking boundary conditions of correlations between atmospheric deposition and respective concentrations of heavy metals in moss and related mapping considering the influence of the land use around moss sampling sites.

Chair of Landscape Ecology University of Vechta Vechta Germany

Dunarea de Jos University of Galati Galati Romania

Green Infrastructure Ltd Zagreb Croatia

ICP Vegetation Programme Coordination Centre Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Bangor Gwynedd LL57 2UW UK

Institute of Landscape Ecology Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava Slovak Republic

Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology Ivanovo Russia

Jožef Stefan Institute Ljubljana Slovenia

Meteorological Synthesizing Centre East Moscow Russia

Moss Survey Coordination Centre Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics Dubna Moscow Region Russian Federation

National Botanical Garden Academy of Science of Ukraine Kiev Ukraine

National Museum of Natural History Paris France

Natural Resources Institute Finland Oulu Finland

Norwegian Institute for Air Research Kjeller Norway

Norwegian Meteorological Institute Oslo Norway

Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway

Sciensano Tervuren Belgium

Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening Průhonice Czech Republic

Slovenian Forestry Institute Ljubljana Slovenia

Ss Cyril and Methodius University Skopje Macedonia

Tallinn Botanic Garden Tallinn Estonia

TNO Utrecht The Netherlands

University of La Rioja Logroño Spain

University of Navarra Navarra Spain

University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Spain

University of Tirana Tirana Albania

University of Vienna Vienna Austria

University of Vlora Vlorë Albania

Valahia University of Targoviste Targoviste Romania

W Szafer Institute of Botany Polish Academy of Sciences Kraków Poland

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