Climate change and human pressures are changing the global distribution and the extent of intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES), which comprise half of the global river network area. IRES are characterized by periods of flow cessation, during which channel substrates accumulate and undergo physico-chemical changes (preconditioning), and periods of flow resumption, when these substrates are rewetted and release pulses of dissolved nutrients and organic matter (OM). However, there are no estimates of the amounts and quality of leached substances, nor is there information on the underlying environmental constraints operating at the global scale. We experimentally simulated, under standard laboratory conditions, rewetting of leaves, riverbed sediments, and epilithic biofilms collected during the dry phase across 205 IRES from five major climate zones. We determined the amounts and qualitative characteristics of the leached nutrients and OM, and estimated their areal fluxes from riverbeds. In addition, we evaluated the variance in leachate characteristics in relation to selected environmental variables and substrate characteristics. We found that sediments, due to their large quantities within riverbeds, contribute most to the overall flux of dissolved substances during rewetting events (56%-98%), and that flux rates distinctly differ among climate zones. Dissolved organic carbon, phenolics, and nitrate contributed most to the areal fluxes. The largest amounts of leached substances were found in the continental climate zone, coinciding with the lowest potential bioavailability of the leached OM. The opposite pattern was found in the arid zone. Environmental variables expected to be modified under climate change (i.e. potential evapotranspiration, aridity, dry period duration, land use) were correlated with the amount of leached substances, with the strongest relationship found for sediments. These results show that the role of IRES should be accounted for in global biogeochemical cycles, especially because prevalence of IRES will increase due to increasing severity of drying events.

ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers and Institute for Future Environments School of Mathematical Sciences Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Qld Australia

Australian Rivers Institute Griffith University Nathan Qld Australia

Austrian Science Fund Vienna Austria

BC3 Basque Centre for Climate Change Leioa Spain

Center for Applied Geosciences Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Tübingen Germany

Centre for Freshwater Ecosystems La Trobe University Wodonga Vic Australia

Centre International de Recherche en Agronomie pour le Développement CIRAD UPR HortSys Montpellier France

Centre of Edaphology and Applied Biology of Segura Murcia Spain

Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú Sobral Brazil

Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal Universidad de Vigo Vigo Spain

Department of Aquatic Ecology Eawag The Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland

Department of Biology and Ecology Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics University of Niš Niš Serbia

Department of Biology Faculty of Science University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia

Department of Biology University of Montenegro Podgorica Montenegro

Department of Biology University of Oklahoma Norman Oklahoma

Department of Biology University of San Diego San Diego California

Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Silkeborg Denmark

Department of Botany and Zoology Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

Department of Civil Environmental and Mechanical Engineering Trento University Trento Italy

Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University Umeå Sweden

Department of Ecology and Hydrology Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum' University of Murcia Murcia Spain

Department of Ecology Berlin Institute of Technology Berlin Germany

Department of Environment and Science Queensland Government Brisbane Qld Australia

Department of Environmental Biology Biodiversity Data Analytics and Environmental Quality Group University of Navarra Pamplona Spain

Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management University of California Berkeley California

Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zürich Switzerland

Department of Evolutionary Biology Ecology and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Biology Biodiversity Research Institute University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain

Department of Freshwater Conservation BTU Cottbus Senftenberg Bad Saarow Germany

Department of Freshwater Invertebrates Albany Museum Affiliated Research Institute of Rhodes University Grahamstown South Africa

Department of Geography University of California Berkeley California

Department of Geosciences Federal University of São João del Rei São João del Rei Brazil

Department of Limnology Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity University of Münster Germany

Department of Plant Biology and Ecology Faculty of Science and Technology University of the Basque Country Bilbao Spain

Department of Zoology University of Granada Granada Spain

Department of Zoology University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand

Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife Pietermaritzburg South Africa

Faculté d'Agronomie Département d'Aménagement et de Gestion des Ressources Naturelles Université de Parakou Parakou Benin

Faculty of Environmental Science and EULA Chile Center Universidad de Concepción Concepción Chile

Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research University of Windsor Windsor Canada

Grup de Recerca Freshwater Ecology Hydrology and Management Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona Spain

INRA UAR 1275 DEPT EFPA Centre de recherche de Nancy Champenoux France

Institute for Applied Ecology University of Canberra Bruce Canberra ACT Australia

Institute for Ecological Chemistry Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection Julius Kuehn Institute Berlin Germany

Institute of Biology Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany

Institute of Landscape Ecology and Site Evaluation University of Rostock Rostock Germany

Instituto de Biología Universidad de Antioquia Medellín Colombia

IRSTEA UR RIVERLY Centre de Lyon Villeurbanne Villeurbanne Cedex France

Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine UMR CNRS UGA USMB 5553 Université Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France

Laboratoire d'Écologie et Gestion des Ecosystèmes Naturels University of Tlemcen Tlemcen Algeria

Laboratory of Applied Microbiology University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland Bellinzona Switzerland

Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin Germany

LIEC Université de Lorraine Metz France

MARE Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal

Mine Water and Environment Research Centre School of Science Edith Cowan University Perth Australia

Missouri University of Science and Technology Rolla Missouri

School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand

School of Environmental and Rural Science University of New England Armidale NSW Australia

School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona Tucson Arizona

School of Science and Technology Nottingham Trent University Nottingham UK

Terra Cypria The Cyprus Conservation Foundation Limassol Cyprus

TropWATER College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia

Université de Lorraine UR AFPA Vandoeuvre Les Nancy France

Water Research Institute National Research Council Italy

Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research Ben Gurion University of the Negev Beersheba Israel

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Unravelling large-scale patterns and drivers of biodiversity in dry rivers