More than half of the world's rivers dry up periodically, but our understanding of the biological communities in dry riverbeds remains limited. Specifically, the roles of dispersal, environmental filtering and biotic interactions in driving biodiversity in dry rivers are poorly understood. Here, we conduct a large-scale coordinated survey of patterns and drivers of biodiversity in dry riverbeds. We focus on eight major taxa, including microorganisms, invertebrates and plants: Algae, Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Arthropods, Nematodes and Streptophyta. We use environmental DNA metabarcoding to assess biodiversity in dry sediments collected over a 1-year period from 84 non-perennial rivers across 19 countries on four continents. Both direct factors, such as nutrient and carbon availability, and indirect factors such as climate influence the local biodiversity of most taxa. Limited resource availability and prolonged dry phases favor oligotrophic microbial taxa. Co-variation among taxa, particularly Bacteria, Fungi, Algae and Protozoa, explain more spatial variation in community composition than dispersal or environmental gradients. This finding suggests that biotic interactions or unmeasured ecological and evolutionary factors may strongly influence communities during dry phases, altering biodiversity responses to global changes.

Asociación Meles Plaza de las Américas 13 2B Alhama de Murcia Spain

Australian Rivers Institute Griffith University Nathan QLD Australia

Balearic Biodiversity Centre Department of Biology University of the Balearic Islands Palma Spain

Berlin Institute of Technology Berlin Germany

Biosciences and Food Technology Discipline School of Science RMIT University Bundoora VIC Australia

California Department of Fish and Wildlife Ontario CA USA

Centre for Freshwater Ecosystems School of Agriculture Biomedicine and Environment La Trobe University Wodonga VIC Australia

Centre for Functional Ecology Department of Life Sciences University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal

Centre for Research on Ecology and Forestry Applications Barcelona Spain

Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research James Cook University Bebegu Yumba Campus Townsville QLD Australia

Complutense University of Madrid Department of Biodiversity Ecology and Evolution Faculty of Biology Madrid Spain

Department of Biosciences Mangalore University Mangalagangotri Mangalore Karnataka India

Department of Ecology and Animal Biology University of Vigo Vigo Spain

Department of Ecoscience Aarhus University Aarhus C Denmark

Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin Germany

Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zürich Switzerland

Department of Evolutionary Biology Ecology and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Biology University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain

Department of Freshwater Invertebrates Albany Museum Makhanda Makhanda South Africa

Department of Geography University of the Balearic Islands Palma Spain

Department of Geosciences Campus Tancredo Neves Federal University of São João del Rei São João del Rei Brazil

Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Turin Torino Italy

Department of Plankton and Microbial Ecology Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Zur alten Fischerhütte 2 Stechlin Germany

Division of Zoology Faculty of Science University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia

Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife Pietermaritzburg South Africa

Facultad de Ingeniería Arquitectura y Diseño Universidad San Sebastián Concepción Chile

Faculty of Marine Sciences Ruppin Academic Center Michmoret Israel

FEHM Lab Avda Diagonal 643 Barcelona Spain

Goethe Universität Frankfurt Department of BioSciences Frankfurt aM Germany

Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research and Department of Integrative Biology University of Windsor Windsor ON Canada

iES RPTU University of Kaiserslautern Landau Forstrstr 7 Landau Germany

INIBIOMA CONICET Quintral 1250 Bariloche Argentina

INRAE UR RiverLY Centre de Lyon Villeurbanne Villeurbanne Cedex France

Instituto Experimental de Biología Universidad San Francisco Xavier Calle Dalence N° 235 Sucre Bolivia

IRTA Marine and Continental Waters Programme La Ràpita Catalonia Spain

Israel Nature and Parks Authority Jerusalem Israel

Julius Kühn Institute Institute for Ecological Chemistry Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection Königin Luise Straße 19 Berlin Germany

Masaryk University Faculty of Science Department of Botany and Zoology Brno Czech Republic

Mine Water and Environment Research Centre Edith Cowan University Joondalup WA Australia

Missouri University of Science and Technology Rolla MO USA

NIVA Norwegian Institute for Water Research Oslo Norway

Open University of Cyprus PO Box 12794 Latsia Nicosia Cyprus

Queen Mary University of London London UK

Queensland Government Department of Environment Science and Innovation Brisbane QLD Australia

Real Estate and Workplace Services Sustainability Team Google Mountain View CA USA

School of Environmental and Rural Science University of New England Armidale NSW Australia

School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA

School of Science and Technology Nottingham Trent University Nottingham UK

Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre Senckenberganlage 25 Frankfurt am Main Germany

Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung Frankfurt aM Germany

Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada

SUPSI Institute of Microbiology Mendrisio Switzerland

Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland

The Pennsylvania State University Department of Ecosystem Science and Management University Park USA

The School of Agriculture Food and Ecosystem Sciences The University of Melbourne Burnley Campus Victoria Australia

Univ Grenoble Alpes Univ Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS LECA Grenoble France

Universidad de Concepción Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales Centro EULA Barrio Universitario Centro EULA Concepción Chile

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras Facultad de Ciencias Escuela de Biología Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales Boulevard Suyapa Tegucigalpa Honduras

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras Tecnológico Danli Laboratory of Biology Department of Sciences Carretera Panamericana frente Hospital Regional El Paraíso Danlí Honduras

Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas Campus Betânia Brazil

Université de Corse UAR 3514 CNRS Stella Mare Biguglia France

Université de Lorraine INRAE URAFPA Nancy France

Université de Lorraine LIEC UMR CNRS 7360 Metz France

University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA USA

University of Canberra Centre for Applied Water Science Canberra ACT Australia

University of Canterbury School of Biological Sciences Christchurch New Zealand

University of Innsbruck Department of Ecology Innsbruck Austria

University of Münster Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Münster Germany

University of Murcia Department of Ecology and Hydrology Murcia Spain

University of Niš Faculty of Science and Mathematics Department of Biology and Ecology Niš Serbia

University of San Diego Department of Biology San Diego CA USA

University of the Basque Country Department of Plant Biology and Ecology Bilbao Spain

University of Tlemcen Tlemcen Algeria

University of Wisconsin La Crosse Biology Department La Crosse WI USA

Water Laboratory University of Évora P 1 T E Rua da Barba Rala No 1 7005 345 Évora Portugal

Water Research Institute National Research Council Area della Ricerca RM1 via Salaria km 29 300 Monterotondo Rome Italy

Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research The J Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research Ben Gurion University of the Negev Negev Israel

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