Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are the three most essential micronutrients which play major roles in plant survivability by being a structural or non-structural component of the cell. Plants acquire these nutrients from soil in the fixed (NO3 ̄, NH4+) and solubilized forms (K+, H2PO4- and HPO42-). In soil, the fixed and solubilized forms of nutrients are unavailable or available in bare minimum amounts; therefore, agrochemicals were introduced. Agrochemicals, mined from the deposits or chemically prepared, have been widely used in the agricultural farms over the decades for the sake of higher production of the crops. The excessive use of agrochemicals has been found to be deleterious for humans, as well as the environment. In the environment, agrochemical usage resulted in soil acidification, disturbance of microbial ecology, and eutrophication of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. A solution to such devastating agro-input was found to be substituted by macronutrients-availing microbiomes. Macronutrients-availing microbiomes solubilize and fix the insoluble form of nutrients and convert them into soluble forms without causing any significant harm to the environment. Microbes convert the insoluble form to the soluble form of macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) through different mechanisms such as fixation, solubilization, and chelation. The microbiomes having capability of fixing and solubilizing nutrients contain some specific genes which have been reported in diverse microbial species surviving in different niches. In the present review, the biodiversity, mechanism of action, and genomics of different macronutrients-availing microbiomes are presented.
- MeSH
- Bacteria * metabolismus genetika klasifikace MeSH
- biodiverzita * MeSH
- biotechnologie * MeSH
- draslík metabolismus MeSH
- dusík metabolismus MeSH
- fosfor metabolismus MeSH
- mikrobiota * MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
- zemědělské plodiny MeSH
- zemědělství MeSH
- živiny * metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
With the advent rise is in urbanization and industrialization, heavy metals (HMs) such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contamination have increased considerably. It is among the most recalcitrant pollutants majorly affecting the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem like human well-being, animals, soil health, crop productivity, and diversity of prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes (plants, fungi, and algae). At higher concentrations, these metals are toxic for their growth and pose a significant environmental threat, necessitating innovative and sustainable remediation strategies. Bacteria exhibit diverse mechanisms to cope with HM exposure, including biosorption, chelation, and efflux mechanism, while fungi contribute through mycorrhizal associations and hyphal networks. Algae, especially microalgae, demonstrate effective biosorption and bioaccumulation capacities. Plants, as phytoremediators, hyperaccumulate metals, providing a nature-based approach for soil reclamation. Integration of these biological agents in combination presents opportunities for enhanced remediation efficiency. This comprehensive review aims to provide insights into joint action of prokaryotic and eukaryotic interactions in the management of HM stress in the environment.
- MeSH
- Bacteria * metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- biodegradace * MeSH
- Eukaryota metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- houby metabolismus MeSH
- kadmium * metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- látky znečišťující půdu * metabolismus MeSH
- olovo * metabolismus toxicita MeSH
- rostliny mikrobiologie metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The soil microbiota exhibits an important function in the ecosystem, and its response to climate change is of paramount importance for sustainable agroecosystems. The macronutrients, micronutrients, and additional constituents vital for the growth of plants are cycled biogeochemically under the regulation of the soil microbiome. Identifying and forecasting the effect of climate change on soil microbiomes and ecosystem services is the need of the hour to address one of the biggest global challenges of the present time. The impact of climate change on the structure and function of the soil microbiota is a major concern, explained by one or more sustainability factors around resilience, reluctance, and rework. However, the past research has revealed that microbial interventions have the potential to regenerate soils and improve crop resilience to climate change factors. The methods used therein include using soil microbes' innate capacity for carbon sequestration, rhizomediation, bio-fertilization, enzyme-mediated breakdown, phyto-stimulation, biocontrol of plant pathogens, antibiosis, inducing the antioxidative defense pathways, induced systemic resistance response (ISR), and releasing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the host plant. Microbial phytohormones have a major role in altering root shape in response to exposure to drought, salt, severe temperatures, and heavy metal toxicity and also have an impact on the metabolism of endogenous growth regulators in plant tissue. However, shelf life due to the short lifespan and storage time of microbial formulations is still a major challenge, and efforts should be made to evaluate their effectiveness in crop growth based on climate change. This review focuses on the influence of climate change on soil physico-chemical status, climate change adaptation by the soil microbiome, and its future implications.
- MeSH
- fytoterapie metody MeSH
- léčivé rostliny * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Tragopogon MeSH
- Tribulus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Clitoria ternatea L., známá jako motýlí hrách (butterfly pea), je tradiční ájurvédská bylina, používaná po staletí jako lék na posílení paměti, jako nootropikum, anxiolytikum, antidepresivum, antikonvulzivum a sedativum. Z rostliny byla izolována široká škála sekundárních metabolitů včetně triterpenoidů, flavonolových glykosidů, anthokyanů a steroidů. Rostlina má v tradiční medicíně dlouhodobé využití pro řadu nemocí a moderní vědecké studie potvrdily její význam také pro moderní medicínu. Tento přehledný článek shrnuje dostupné informace o etnobotanickém a etnomedicínském použití klitorie ternatské a jejím potenciálním využití v medicíně.
Clitoria ternatea L., known as the butterfly pea, is a traditional Ayurvedic medicine used for centuries as a memory enhancer, as a nootropic, anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, and sedative. A wide variety of secondary metabolites including triterpenoids, flavonol glycosides, anthocyanins and steroids have been isolated from the plant. The plant has long been used in traditional medicine for a number of ailments, and modern scientific studies have confirmed its importance in modern medicine as well. This review article summarizes available information on the ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal uses of blue ternate and its potential in modern medicine.
- MeSH
- antidepresiva aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- anxiolytika aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- Clitoria * chemie MeSH
- experimenty na zvířatech MeSH
- farmakologické účinky * MeSH
- kognice účinky léků MeSH
- léčivé rostliny MeSH
- Murinae MeSH
- nervový systém účinky léků MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- terapeutické užití MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- MeSH
- bezlepková dieta MeSH
- jedlá semena MeSH
- léčivé rostliny MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- potraviny MeSH
- slzovka * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Capillary and microchip electrophoresis plays an important role in the analysis of the chemical composition of plants and nutrient soils, which finds applications in plant physiology, agrochemistry, medicine, toxicology and food science. Electrophoretic methods are used to determine minerals such as nutrients, heavy metal ions, primary and secondary metabolites, herbicides, phytohormones, peptides, proteins and extracellular vesicles. Progress is particularly evident in the following topics: i) development of mobile electrophoretic analysers for field-based monitoring of soil mineral supply, ii) direct analysis of xylem sap without sample treatment, iii) coupling of capillary and microchip electrophoresis with mass spectrometry for comprehensive metabolome and proteome characterization, iv) determination of secondary metabolites as biologically active compounds with a range of therapeutic and toxicological effects, v) monitoring of herbicides and their degradation dynamics, vi) research on plant exudates, extracellular vesicles and specific protein interactions.
Microbial entomopathogens that include fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes have long been valued for their role in biological control of insect pests. However, recent research highlights their expanded applications beyond pest management. Entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium spp. are increasingly recognized for their potential as biocontrol agents in integrated pest management systems. These fungi exhibit not only direct insecticidal effects but also secondary metabolites that contribute to plant disease suppression, thereby enhancing crop health and yield. Bacterial entomopathogen Bacillus thuringiensis, as the most widely used biopesticide, has also demonstrated potency not only against insects but also as systemic resistance inducer, thereby boosting plant immunity against pathogens. Moreover, entomopathogens are emerging as growth promoters and biostimulants, enhancing crop vigor through nutrient uptake and root development. This review consolidates current knowledge on the mechanisms of action of microbial entomopathogens against pests as well as current understanding on its other plant-beneficial traits. It also discusses their environmental impact and potential integration into sustainable agricultural practices. This comprehensive exploration underscores the transformative potential of microbial entomopathogens in shaping future strategies for holistic crop health management including pest management in agriculture.
- MeSH
- Bacillus thuringiensis MeSH
- Bacteria MeSH
- Beauveria MeSH
- biologická kontrola škůdců * metody MeSH
- biologická ochrana * MeSH
- hmyz mikrobiologie MeSH
- houby * MeSH
- Metarhizium fyziologie MeSH
- nemoci rostlin prevence a kontrola parazitologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- zemědělské plodiny mikrobiologie růst a vývoj MeSH
- zemědělství * metody MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Telomeres, essential for maintaining genomic stability, are typically preserved through the action of telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein complex that synthesizes telomeric DNA. One of its two core components, telomerase RNA (TR), serves as the template for this synthesis, and its evolution across different species is both complex and diverse. This review discusses recent advancements in understanding TR evolution, with a focus on plants (Viridiplantae). Utilizing novel bioinformatic tools and accumulating genomic and transcriptomic data, combined with corresponding experimental validation, researchers have begun to unravel the intricate pathways of TR evolution and telomere maintenance mechanisms. Contrary to previous beliefs, a monophyletic origin of TR has been demonstrated first in land plants and subsequently across the broader phylogenetic megagroup Diaphoretickes. Conversely, the discovery of plant-type TRs in insects challenges assumptions about the monophyletic origin of TRs in animals, suggesting evolutionary innovations coinciding with arthropod divergence. The review also highlights key challenges in TR identification and provides examples of how these have been addressed. Overall, this work underscores the importance of expanding beyond model organisms to comprehend the full complexity of telomerase evolution, with potential applications in agriculture and biotechnology.
- MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- molekulární evoluce * MeSH
- RNA * genetika metabolismus MeSH
- rostliny genetika MeSH
- telomerasa * genetika metabolismus MeSH
- telomery * metabolismus genetika MeSH
- Viridiplantae genetika metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The increasing contamination of cereals by micromycetes and mycotoxins during malting still poses an unresolved food safety problem. This study characterises the potential of the novel, rapidly developing food production technology of Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) to reduce the viability of Fusarium fungi and the production of mycotoxins during malting. Barley, artificially inoculated with four Fusarium species, was treated by PEF with two different intensities and then malted using a standard Pilsner-type technology. Concentrations of fungi were quantified by RT-PCR, expression of fungal growth-related genes was assessed using mRNA sequencing, and mycotoxin levels were analysed by U-HPLC-HRMS/MS. Despite the different trends for micromycetes and mycotoxins after application of variously intense PEF conditions, significant reductions were generally observed. The greatest decrease was for F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, where up to six fold lower levels were achieved for malts produced from the PEF-treated barley when compared to the control. For F. culmorum and F. graminearum, up to a two-fold reduction in the PEF-generated malts was observed. These reductions mostly correlated with a decrease in relevant mycotoxins, specifically type A trichothecenes.
- MeSH
- elektřina MeSH
- Fusarium * metabolismus genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- ječmen (rod) * mikrobiologie MeSH
- jedlá semena * mikrobiologie MeSH
- kontaminace potravin prevence a kontrola MeSH
- manipulace s potravinami metody MeSH
- mykotoxiny * biosyntéza metabolismus MeSH
- potravinářská mikrobiologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
