Toxicity of glyphosate (G) alone or in combination with cadmium (Cd) was studied in Matricaria chamomilla. Cadmium accumulated in shoots and roots in relation to prolonged exposure while glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) were detected only in roots. After 7 days of exposure, root Cd and G accumulation was similar (56 μg G or 47 μg Cd/g DW in 1 μM treatments and 330 μg G or 321 μg Cd/g DW in 10 μM treatments). Despite this fact, Cd stimulated higher ROS formation and G rather suppressed nitric oxide while H2O2 content was elevated by Cd. Subsequent assay of antioxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT, and APX) showed only the impact of Cd. Non-enzymatic antioxidants revealed more pronounced impact of Cd on ascorbic acid and soluble phenols while non-protein thiols showed synergistic effect of G and Cd in roots. Surprisingly, G alone or in combination with Cd depleted shoot citrate and tartrate accumulation despite no detectable G in shoots. In the roots, Cd evoked expected increase in malate and citrate content while G rather suppressed Cd-induced elevation. These data indicate that glyphosate is less toxic than cadmium but even low G doses are able to induce metabolic changes.

Department of Biology University of Trnava Priemyselná 4 918 43 Trnava Slovak Republic

Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Kamenice 753 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Plant Physiology Maria Curie Skłodowska University Akademicka 19 20 033 Lublin Poland

Faculty of Education University of Trnava Priemyselná 4 918 43 Trnava Slovak Republic

Institute of Laboratory Research on Geomaterials Faculty of Natural Sciences Comenius University in Bratislava Mlynská dolina Ilkovičova 6 842 15 Bratislava 4 Slovak Republic

Technical University of Liberec CxI Studentská 2 461 17 Liberec Czech Republic

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