Almost 500 municipal solid waste incineration plants in the EU, Norway and Switzerland generate about 17.6 Mt/a of incinerator bottom ash (IBA). IBA contains minerals and metals. Metals are mostly separated and sold to the scrap market and minerals are either disposed of in landfills or utilised in the construction sector. Since there is no uniform regulation for IBA utilisation at EU level, countries developed own rules with varying requirements for utilisation. As a result from a cooperation network between European experts an up-to-date overview of documents regulating IBA utilisation is presented. Furthermore, this work highlights the different requirements that have to be considered. Overall, 51 different parameters for the total content and 36 different parameters for the emission by leaching are defined. An analysis of the defined parameter reveals that leaching parameters are significantly more to be considered compared to total content parameters. In order to assess the leaching behaviour nine different leaching tests, including batch tests, up-flow percolation tests and one diffusion test (monolithic materials) are in place. A further discussion of leaching parameters showed that certain countries took over limit values initially defined for landfills for inert waste and adopted them for IBA utilisation. The overall utilisation rate of IBA in construction works is approximately 54 wt%. It is revealed that the rate of utilisation does not necessarily depend on how well regulated IBA utilisation is, but rather seems to be a result of political commitment for IBA recycling and economically interesting circumstances.

AGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków Department of Power Systems and Environmental Protection Facilities Al Mickiewicza 30 30 059 Krakow Poland

Avfall Norge Øvre Vollgate 6 0158 Oslo Norway

Avfall Sverige Baltzarsgatan 25 211 36 Malmö Sweden

BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing Division 4 3 Contaminant Transport and Environmental Technologies Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Germany

Christian Doppler Laboratory for Anthropogenic Resources Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management TU Wien Karlsplatz 13 226 1040 Vienna Austria

CIEPQPF Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre Department of Chemical Engineering University of Coimbra Rua Sílvio Lima Polo 2 3030 790 Coimbra Portugal

Danish Waste Solutions ApS Agern Allé 3 DK 2970 Hørsholm Denmark

Department of Earth Sciences University College London Kathleen Lonsdale Building 5 Gower Place London United Kingdom; Centre for Agroecology Water and Resilience Coventry University Ryton Organic Gardens Coventry United Kingdom

ECN Part of TNO P O Box 15 1755 ZG Petten The Netherlands

Environmental Advisor Budapest Hungary

Environmental Process Engineering Laboratory Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of AS CR Rozvojová 135 1 Prague 6 Czech Republic

Finnish Environment Institute SYKE Center for Sustainable Consumption and Production Latokartanonkaari 11 FI 00790 Helsinki Finland

Indaver Ireland 4th Floor Block 1 Old Dunleary Road CO Dublin Dun Laoghaire Ireland

Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences Kreutzwaldi 5 51006 Tartu Estonia

INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory University of Brescia Via Branze 38 25123 Brescia Italy

KU Leuven TC Materials Technology Group T Campus Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13 3000 Leuven Belgium

REACHLaw Ltd Vänrikinkuja 3 JK 21 02600 Espoo Finland

Thermo and Fluid Dynamics Pleinlaan 2 1050 Brussels Belgium

Univ Grenoble Alpes Univ Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS Grenoble INP LEPMI 38000 Grenoble France

Univ Lyon INSA Lyon DEEP Laboratory EA 7429 F 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex France

Universitat de Barcelona | UB Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry C Martí i Franquès 1 08028 Barcelona Spain

Vilnius Gediminas Technical University | VGTU Department of Environmental Protection and Water Engineering Saulėtekio al 11 10223 Vilnius Lithuania

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