Fine roots and above-ground litterfall play a pivotal role in carbon dynamics in forests. Nonetheless, direct estimation of stocks of fine roots remains methodologically challenging. Models are thus widely used to estimate these stocks and help elucidate drivers of fine root growth and turnover, at a range of scales.We updated a database of fine root biomass, necromass and production derived from 454 plots across European forests. We then compared fine root biomass and production to estimates obtained from 19 different models. Typical input variables used for the models included climate, net primary production, foliage and above-ground biomass, leaf area index (LAI), latitude and/or land cover type. We tested whether performance could be improved by fitting new multiple regression models, and explored effects of species composition and sampling method on estimated fine root biomass.Average fine root biomass was 332 g/m2, and necromass 379 g/m2, for European forests where the average fine root production was 250 g m-2 year-1. Carbon fraction in fine roots averaged 48.4%, and was 1.5% greater in broadleaved species than conifers.Available models were poor predictors of fine root biomass and production. The best performing models assumed proportionality between above- and below-ground compartments, and used remotely sensed LAI or foliage biomass as key inputs. Model performance was improved by use of multiple regressions, which revealed consistently greater biomass and production in stands dominated by broadleaved species as well as in mixed stands even after accounting for climatic differences. Synthesis. We assessed the potential of existing models to estimate fine root biomass and production in European forests. We show that recalibration reduces by about 40% errors in estimates currently produced by the best available models, and increases three-fold explained variation. Our results underline the quantitative significance of fine roots (live and dead) to the global carbon cycle.

Global Change Research Centre Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague Czech Republic

Graduate School of Environmental Studies Nagoya University Nagoya Japan

Institute of Forest Ecology University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria

Institute of Silviculture University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria

Natural Resources Institute Finland Joensuu Finland

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Adams, M. A. , & Attiwill, P. M. (1986). Nutrient cycling and nitrogen mineralization in eucalypt forests of south-eastern Australia. I. Nutrient Cycling and nitrogen turnover. Plant and Soil, 92, 319–339.

Addo‐Danso, S. D. , Prescott, C. E. , & Smith, A. R. (2016). Methods for estimating root biomass and production in forest and woodland ecosystem carbon studies: A review. Forest Ecology and Management, 359, 332–351. 10.1016/j.foreco.2015.08.015 DOI

Akaike, H. (1974). A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 19(6), 716–723. 10.1109/TAC.1974.1100705 DOI

Brassard, B. W. , Chen, H. Y. H. , Bergeron, Y. , & Paré, D. (2011). Differences in fine root productivity between mixed‐ and single‐species stands. Functional Ecology, 25(1), 238–246. 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01769.x DOI

Bray, J. R. , & Gorham, E. (1964). Litter production in forests of the world. Advances in Ecological Research, 2, 101–157. 10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60331-1 DOI

Brunner, I. , Bakker, M. R. , Björk, R. G. , Hirano, Y. , Lukac, M. , Aranda, X. , … Ostonen, I. (2013). Fine‐root turnover rates of European forests revisited: An analysis of data from sequential coring and ingrowth cores. Plant and Soil, 362(1–2), 357–372. 10.1007/s11104-012-1313-5 DOI

Burnham, K. P. , & Anderson, D. (Eds.). (2004). Model selection and multimodel inference. New York, NY: Springer; 10.1007/b97636 DOI

Chen, G. , Hobbie, S. E. , Reich, P. B. , Yang, Y. , & Robinson, D. (2018). Allometry of fine roots in forest ecosystems. Ecology Letters, 22(2), 322–331. 10.1111/ele.13193 PubMed DOI

Chen, W. , Chen, J. M. , Price, D. T. , & Cihlar, J. (2002). Effects of stand age on net primary productivity of boreal black spruce forests in Ontario, Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 32(5), 833–842. 10.1139/x01-165 DOI

Fan, Y. , Li, H. , & Miguez‐Macho, G. (2013). Global patterns of groundwater table depth. Science, 339(6122), 940–943. 10.1126/science.1229881 PubMed DOI

Fan, Y. , Miguez‐Macho, G. , Jobbágy, E. , Jackson, R. , & Otero‐Casal, C. (2017). Hydrologic regulation of plant rooting depth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114(40), 10572–10577. 10.1073/pnas.1712381114 PubMed DOI PMC

FAO . (2015). Global forest resources assessment 2015. Rome, Italy: FAO.

Finér, L. , Domisch, T. , Dawud, S. M. , Raulund‐Rasmussen, K. , Vesterdal, L. , Bouriaud, O. , … Valladares, F. (2017). Conifer proportion explains fine root biomass more than tree species diversity and site factors in major European forest types. Forest Ecology and Management, 406(August), 330–350. 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.09.017 DOI

Finér, L. , Ohashi, M. , Noguchi, K. , & Hirano, Y. (2011a). Factors causing variation in fine root biomass in forest ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management, 261(2), 265–277. 10.1016/j.foreco.2010.10.016 DOI

Finér, L. , Ohashi, M. , Noguchi, K. , & Hirano, Y. (2011b). Fine root production and turnover in forest ecosystems in relation to stand and environmental characteristics. Forest Ecology and Management, 262(11), 2008–2023. 10.1016/j.foreco.2011.08.042 DOI

Forest Europe . (2015). State of Europe’s Forests 2015 Report Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe. FOREST EUROPE Liaison Unit Madrid, Spain. Retrieved from http://foresteurope.org/state-europes-forests-2015-report/

Friedl, M. , Sulla‐Menashe, D. , Tan, B. , Schneider, A. , Ramankutty, N. , Sibley, A. , & Huang, X. (2010). MODIS collection 5 global land cover: Algorithm refinements and characterization of new datasets. Remote Sensing of Environment, 114(1), 168–182. 10.1016/j.rse.2009.08.016 DOI

Gale, M. R. , & Grigal, D. F. (1987). Vertical root distributions of northern tree species in relation to successional status. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 17(8), 829–834. 10.1139/x87-131 DOI

Gill, R. , & Jackson, R. (2000). Global patterns of root turnover for terrestrial ecosystems. New Phytologist, 147(1), 13–31. 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00681.x DOI

Godbold, D. L. , Fritz, H.‐W. , Jentschke, G. , Meesenburg, H. , & Rademacher, P. (2003). Root turnover and root necromass accumulation of Norway spruce (Picea abies) are affected by soil acidity. Tree Physiology, 23(13), 915–921. 10.1093/treephys/23.13.915 PubMed DOI

Gower, S. T. , Krankina, O. , Olson, R. J. , Apps, M. , Linder, S. , & Wang, C. (2001). Net primary production and carbon allocation patterns of boreal forest ecosystems. Ecological Applications, 11(5), 1395–1411. 10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[1395:NPPACA]2.0.CO;2 DOI

Härkönen, S. , Lehtonen, A. , Eerikäinen, K. , Peltoniemi, M. , & Mäkelä, A. (2011). Estimating forest carbon fluxes for large regions based on process‐based modelling, NFI data and Landsat satellite images. Forest Ecology and Management, 262(12), 2364–2377. 10.1016/j.foreco.2011.08.035 DOI

Hendricks, J. J. , Nadelhoffer, K. J. , & Aber, J. D. (1993). Assessing the role of fine roots in carbon and nutrient cycling. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 8(5), 174–178. 10.1016/0169-5347(93)90143-D PubMed DOI

Hertel, D. , & Leuschner, C. (2002). A comparison of four different fine root production estimates with ecosystem carbon balance data in a Fagus‐Quercus mixed forest. Plant and Soil, 239(2), 237–251. 10.1023/A:1015030320845 DOI

Hijmans, R. J. , Cameron, S. E. , Parra, J. L. , Jones, P. G. , & Jarvis, A. (2005). Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 25(15), 1965–1978. 10.1002/joc.1276 DOI

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (p. 83). Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, H. S. Eggleston, L. Buendia, K. Miwa, T. Ngara, & K. Tanabe (Eds.). Japan: IGES; Retrieved from http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html

Iversen, C. M. , McCormack, M. L. , Powell, A. S. , Blackwood, C. B. , Freschet, G. T. , Kattge, J. , … Violle, C. (2017). A global fine‐root ecology database to address below‐ground challenges in plant ecology. New Phytologist, 215(1), 15–26. 10.1111/nph.14486 PubMed DOI

Jackson, R. B. , Canadell, J. , Ehleringer, J. R. , Mooney, H. A. , Sala, O. E. , & Schulze, E. D. (1996). A global analysis of root distributions for terrestrial biomes. Oecologia, 108(3), 389–411. 10.1007/BF00333714 PubMed DOI

Jackson, R. B. , Mooney, H. , & Schulze, E. (1997). A global budget for fine root biomass, surface area, and nutrient contents. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94(July), 7362–7366. 10.1073/pnas.94.14.7362 PubMed DOI PMC

Kirfel, K. , Heinze, S. , Hertel, D. , & Leuschner, C. (2019). Effects of bedrock type and soil chemistry on the fine roots of European beech – A study on the belowground plasticity of trees. Forest Ecology and Management, 444(May), 256–268. 10.1016/j.foreco.2019.04.022 DOI

Kummerow, J. , Kummerow, M. , & Trabaud, L. (1990). Root biomass, root distribution and the fine‐root growth dynamics of Quercus coccifera L. in the garrigue of southern France. Vegetatio, 87(1), 37–44.

Lal, R. (2005). Forest soils and carbon sequestration. Forest Ecology and Management, 220(1–3), 242–258. 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.08.015 DOI

Leppälammi‐Kujansuu, J. , Aro, L. , Salemaa, M. , Hansson, K. , Kleja, D. B. , & Helmisaari, H.‐S. (2014). Fine root longevity and carbon input into soil from below‐ and aboveground litter in climatically contrasting forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 326, 79–90. 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.03.039 DOI

Leuschner, C. , & Hertel, D. (2003). Fine root biomass of temperate forests in relation to soil acidity and fertility, climate, age and species In Esser K., Lüttge U., Beyschlag W., & Hellwig F. (Eds.), Progress in botany (Vol. 64, pp. 405–438). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 10.1007/978-3-642-55819-1 DOI

Likens, G. E. (2013). Biogeochemistry of a forested ecosystem (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Springer; 10.1007/978-1-4614-7810-2 DOI

Liski, J. , Perruchoud, D. , & Karjalainen, T. (2002). Increasing carbon stocks in the forest soils of western Europe. Forest Ecology and Management, 169(1–2), 159–175. 10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00306-7 DOI

Liu, C. , Westman, C. J. , Berg, B. , Kutsch, W. , Wang, G. Z. , Man, R. , & Ilvesniemi, H. (2004). Variation in litterfall‐climate relationships between coniferous and broadleaf forests in Eurasia. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 13(2), 105–114. 10.1111/j.1466-882X.2004.00072.x DOI

Majdi, H. (2001). Changes in fine root production and longevity in relation to water and nutrient availability in a Norway spruce stand in northern Sweden. Tree Physiology, 21, 1057–1061. 10.1093/treephys/21.14.1057 PubMed DOI

Malhi, Y. , Doughty, C. , & Galbraith, D. (2011). The allocation of ecosystem net primary productivity in tropical forests. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 366(1582), 3225–3245. 10.1098/rstb.2011.0062 PubMed DOI PMC

McCormack, M. L. , Dickie, I. A. , Eissenstat, D. M. , Fahey, T. J. , Fernandez, C. W. , Guo, D. , … Zadworny, M. (2015). Redefining fine roots improves understanding of below‐ground contributions to terrestrial biosphere processes. New Phytologist, 207(3), 505–518. 10.1111/nph.13363 PubMed DOI

McGroddy, M. , Daufresne, T. , & Hedin, L. (2004). Scaling of C:N: P stoichiometry in forests worldwide: Implications of terrestrial redfield‐type ratios. Ecology, 85(9), 2390–2401. 10.1890/03-0351 DOI

McLachlan, G. , Do, K.‐A. , & Ambroise, C. (2004). Analyzing microarray gene expression data. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Meier, I. C. , & Leuschner, C. (2008). Belowground drought response of European beech: Fine root biomass and carbon partitioning in 14 mature stands across a precipitation gradient. Global Change Biology, 14(9), 2081–2095. 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01634.x DOI

Montagnoli, A. , Dumroese, R. K. , Terzaghi, M. , Onelli, E. , Scippa, G. S. , & Chiatante, D. (2018). Seasonality of fine root dynamics and activity of root and shoot vascular cambium in a Quercus ilex L. forest (Italy). Forest Ecology and Management, 431, 26–34. 10.1016/j.foreco.2018.06.044 DOI

Moreno, A. , & Hasenauer, H. (2016). Spatial downscaling of European climate data. International Journal of Climatology, 36(3), 1444–1458. 10.1002/joc.4436 DOI

Moreno, A. , Neumann, M. , & Hasenauer, H. (2017). Forest structures across Europe. Geoscience Data Journal, 4(1), 17–28. 10.1002/gdj3.45 DOI

Nadelhoffer, K. , & Raich, J. W. (1992). Fine root production estimates and belowground carbon allocation in forest ecosystems. Ecology, 73(4), 1139–1147. 10.2307/1940664 DOI

Neumann, M. , Godbold, D. L. , Hirano, Y. , & Finer, L. (2019). European fine root biomass, fine root production and fine root necromass information. Figshare, 10.6084/m9.figshare.7676219.v1 DOI

Neumann, M. , Moreno, A. , Mues, V. , Härkönen, S. , Mura, M. , Bouriaud, O. , … Hasenauer, H. (2016). Comparison of carbon estimation methods for European forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 361, 397–420. 10.1016/j.foreco.2015.11.016 DOI

Neumann, M. , Moreno, A. , Thurnher, C. , Mues, V. , Härkönen, S. , Mura, M. , … Hasenauer, H. (2016). Creating a regional MODIS satellite‐driven net primary production dataset for European forests. Remote Sensing, 8(554), 1–18. 10.3390/rs8070554 DOI

Neumann, M. , Ukonmaanaho, L. , Johnson, J. , Benham, S. , Vesterdal, L. , Novotný, R. , … Hasenauer, H. (2018). Quantifying carbon and nutrient input from litterfall in European forests using field observations and modeling. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 32(5), 784–798. 10.1029/2017GB005825 DOI

Olson, R. J. , Johnson, K. R. , Zheng, D. L. , & Scurlock, J. M. O. (2001). Global and regional ecosystem modeling: Databases of model drivers and validation measurements. ORNL/TM‐2001/196.

Pan, Y. , Birdsey, R. A. , Fang, J. , Houghton, R. , Kauppi, P. E. , Kurz, W. A. , … Hayes, D. (2011). A large and persistent carbon sink in the World’s forests. Science, 333, 988–992. 10.1126/science.1201609 PubMed DOI

Pietsch, S. A. , Hasenauer, H. , & Thornton, P. E. (2005). BGC‐model parameters for tree species growing in central European forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 211(3), 264–295. 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.02.046 DOI

Pontius, R. G. , Thontteh, O. , & Chen, H. (2008). Components of information for multiple resolution comparison between maps that share a real variable. Environmental and Ecological Statistics, 15(2), 111–142. 10.1007/s10651-007-0043-y DOI

Pregitzer, K. S. , DeForest, J. L. , Burton, A. J. , Allen, M. F. , Ruess, R. W. , & Hendrick, R. L. (2002). Fine root architecture of nine North American trees. Ecological Monographs, 72(2), 293–309. 10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0293:FRAONN]2.0.CO;2 DOI

Raich, J. , & Nadelhoffer, K. (1989). Belowground carbon allocation in forest ecosystems: Global trends. Ecology, 70(5), 1346–1354. 10.2307/1938194 DOI

Reineke, L. (1933). Perfecting a stand‐density index for even‐aged forests. Journal of Agricultural Research, 46(7), 627–638.

Richter, A. K. , Hajdas, I. , Frossard, E. , & Brunner, I. (2013). Soil acidity affects fine root turnover of European beech. Plant Biosystems, 147(1), 50–59. 10.1080/11263504.2012.742471 DOI

Running, S. W. , & Zhao, M. (2015). User ’s guide daily GPP and annual NPP (MOD17A2/A3) products NASA earth observing system MODIS Land Algorithm Version 3.0, 10/7/2015, 28.

Schenk, H. J. , & Jackson, R. B. (2002). Rooting depths, lateral root spreads and below‐ground/above‐ground allometries of plants in water‐limited ecosystems. Journal of Ecology, 90(3), 480–494. 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00682.x DOI

Schmid, I. , & Kazda, M. (2002). Root distribution of Norway spruce in monospecific and mixed stands on different soils. Forest Ecology and Management, 159(1–2), 37–47. 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00708-3 DOI

Scurlock, J. M. , & Olson, R. J. (2002). Terrestrial net primary productivity a brief history and a new worldwide database. Environmental Reviews, 10(2), 91–109. 10.1139/a02-002 DOI

Shinozaki, K. , Yoda, K. , Hozumi, K. , & Kira, T. (1964). A quantitative analysis of plant form‐the pipe model theory I. Basic analysis. Japanese Journal of Ecology, 14, 97–105.

Thomas, S. C. , & Martin, A. R. (2012). Carbon content of tree tissues: A synthesis. Forests, 3(4), 332–352. 10.3390/f3020332 DOI

Wang, C. , Chen, Z. , Brunner, I. , Zhang, Z. , Zhu, X. , Li, J. , … Li, M.‐H. (2018). Global patterns of dead fine root stocks in forest ecosystems. Journal of Biogeography, 45, 1378–1394. 10.1111/jbi.13206 DOI

White, M. A. , Thornton, P. E. , Running, S. W. , & Nemani, R. R. (2000). Parameterization and sensitivity analysis of the BIOME–BGC terrestrial ecosystem model: Net primary production controls. Earth Interactions, 4(3), 1–85. 10.1175/1087-3562(2000)004<0003:PASAOT>2.0.CO;2 DOI

Willmott, C. J. , & Matsuura, K. (2006). On the use of dimensioned measures of error to evaluate the performance of spatial interpolators. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 20(1), 89–102. 10.1080/13658810500286976 DOI

Winkler, H. (2008). Measurable, reportable and verifiable: The keys to mitigation in the Copenhagen deal. Climate Policy, 8(6), 534–547. 10.3763/cpol.2008.0583 DOI

Yan, K. , Park, T. , Yan, G. , Chen, C. , Yang, B. , Liu, Z. , … Myneni, R. (2016). Evaluation of MODIS LAI/FPAR product collection 6. Part 1: Consistency and improvements. Remote Sensing, 8(5), 359 10.3390/rs8050359 DOI

Yang, W. , Huang, D. , & Tan, B. , Stroeve, J. C. , Shabanov, N. V. , Knyazikhin, Y. , … Myneni, R. B. (2006). Analysis of leaf area index and fraction of PAR absorbed by vegetation products from the terra MODIS sensor: 2000–2005. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 44(7), 1829–1842. 10.1109/TGRS.2006.871214 DOI

Yuan, Z. Y. , & Chen, H. (2010). Fine root biomass, production, turnover rates, and nutrient contents in Boreal forest ecosystems in relation to species, climate, fertility, and stand age: Literature review and meta‐analyses. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 29(4), 204–221. 10.1080/07352689.2010.483579 DOI

Yuan, Z. Y. , & Chen, H. Y. H. (2012). A global analysis of fine root production as affected by soil nitrogen and phosphorus. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279(1743), 3796–3802. 10.1098/rspb.2012.0955 PubMed DOI PMC

Yuan, Z. Y. , Shi, X. R. , Jiao, F. , & Han, F. P. (2018). Changes in fine root biomass of Picea abies forests: Predicting the potential impacts of climate change. Journal of Plant Ecology, 11(4), 595–603. 10.1093/jpe/rtx032 DOI

Yuste, J. C. , Konopka, B. , Janssens, I. A. , Coenen, K. , Xiao, C. W. , & Ceulemans, R. (2005). Contrasting net primary productivity and carbon distribution between neighboring stands of Quercus robur and Pinus sylvestris . Tree Physiology, 25(6), 701–712. 10.1093/treephys/25.6.701 PubMed DOI

Železnik, P. , Westergren, M. , Božič, G. , Eler, K. , Bajc, M. , Helmisaari, H.‐S. , Kraigher, H. (2018). Root growth dynamics of three beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenances. Forest Ecology and Management, 431, 35–43. 10.1016/j.foreco.2018.06.024 DOI

Zhang, D. Q. , Hui, D. F. , Luo, Y. Q. , & Zhou, G. Y. (2008). Rates of litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems: Global patterns and controlling factors. Journal of Plant Ecology‐UK, 1(2), 85–93. 10.1093/Jpe/Rtn002 DOI

Zhiyanski, M. (2014). Seasonal dynamics of fine root biomass in selected forest stands. Silva Balcanica, 15(2), 5–15.

Achat, D. L. , Bakker, M. R. , & Trichet, P. (2008). Rooting patterns and fine root biomass of Pinus pinaster assessed by trench wall and core methods. Journal of Forest Research, 13(3), 165–175. 10.1007/s10310-008-0071-y DOI

Ahlström, K. , Persson, H. , & Börjesson, I. (1988). Fertilization in a mature Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand–Effects on fine roots. Plant and Soil, 106, 179–190. 10.1007/BF02371212 DOI

Alexander, I. J. , & Fairley, R. I. (1983). Effects of N fertilisation on populations of fine roots and mycorrhizas in spruce humus. Plant and Soil, 71(1–3), 49–53. 10.1007/BF02182640 DOI

Alifragis, D. (1984). Nutrient dynamics and organic matter production in an oak (Q. conferta Kit) ecosystem. Thessaloniki: University of Thessaloniki.

Andersson, F. (1970). Ecological studies in a Scanian Woodland and Meadow Area, Southern Sweden, II plant biomass, primary production and organic matter. Botaniska Notiser, 123, 8–51.

Andivia, E. , Rolo, V. , Jonard, M. , Formánek, P. , & Ponette, Q. (2016). Tree species identity mediates mechanisms of top soil carbon sequestration in a Norway spruce and European beech mixed forest. Annals of Forest Science, 73(2), 437–447. 10.1007/s13595-015-0536-z DOI

Angst, G. , Kögel‐Knabner, I. , Kirfel, K. , Hertel, D. , & Mueller, C. W. (2016). Spatial distribution and chemical composition of soil organic matter fractions in rhizosphere and non‐rhizosphere soil under European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Geoderma, 264, 179–187. 10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.10.016 DOI

Aosaar, J. , Varik, M. , Lõhmus, K. , Ostonen, I. , Becker, H. , & Uri, V. (2013). Long‐term study of above‐ and below‐ground biomass production in relation to nitrogen and carbon accumulation dynamics in a grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench) plantation on former agricultural land. European Journal of Forest Research, 132(5–6), 737–749. 10.1007/s10342-013-0706-1 DOI

Bakker, M. R. (1999). The effect of lime and gypsum applications on a sessile oak (Quercus petraea (M.) Liebl.) stand at La Croix scaille (French ardennes) II. Fine root dynamics. Plant and Soil, 206(1), 109–121.

Bakker, M. R. , Augusto, L. , & Achat, D. L. (2006). Fine root distribution of trees and understory in mature stands of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) on dry and humid sites. Plant and Soil, 286(1–2), 37–51. 10.1007/s11104-006-9024-4 DOI

Bakker, M. R. , Turpault, M.‐P. , Huet, S. , & Nys, C. (2008). Root distribution of Fagus sylvatica in a chronosequence in western France. Journal of Forest Research, 13(3), 176–184. 10.1007/s10310-008-0068-6 DOI

Bardulis, A. , Jansons, A. , Bardule, A. , Zeps, M. , & Lazdins, A. (2017). Assessment of carbon content in root biomass in Scots pine and silver birch young stands of Latvia. Baltic Forestry, 23(2), 482–489.

Bardulis, A. , Jansons, A. , & Liepa, I. (2011). Fine‐root biomass and morphology in Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. young stands. Research for Rural Development 2011, Annual 17th International Scientific Conference Proceedings, 2, 8.

Berg, B. (1984). Decomposition of root litter and some factors regulating the process: Long‐term root litter decomposition in a scots pine forest. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 16(6), 609–617. 10.1016/0038-0717(84)90081-6 DOI

Bhuiyan, R. , Minkkinen, K. , Helmisaari, H.‐S. , Ojanen, P. , Penttilä, T. , & Laiho, R. (2017). Estimating fine‐root production by tree species and understorey functional groups in two contrasting peatland forests. Plant and Soil, 412(1–2), 299–316. 10.1007/s11104-016-3070-3 DOI

Bolte, A. , & Villanueva, I. (2006). Interspecific competition impacts on the morphology and distribution of fine roots in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) karst.). European Journal of Forest Research, 125(1), 15–26. 10.1007/s10342-005-0075-5 DOI

Børja, I. , De Wit, H. A. , Steffenrem, A. , & Majdi, H. (2008). Stand age and fine root biomass, distribution and morphology in a Norway spruce chronosequence in southeast Norway. Tree Physiology, 28, 773–784. 10.1093/treephys/28.5.773 PubMed DOI

Børja, I. , & Nilsen, P. (2009). Long term effect of liming and fertilization on ectomycorrhizal colonization and tree growth in old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands. Plant and Soil, 314(1–2), 109–119. 10.1007/s11104-008-9710-5 DOI

Borken, W. , Kossmann, G. , & Matzner, E. (2007). Biomass, morphology and nutrient contents of fine roots in four Norway spruce stands. Plant and Soil, 292(1–2), 79–93. 10.1007/s11104-007-9204-x DOI

Braekke, F. H. (1992). Root biomass changes after drainage and fertilization of a low‐shrub pine bog. Plant and Soil, 143(1), 33–43. 10.1007/BF00009126 DOI

Brunner, I. , Bakker, M. R. , Björk, R. G. , Hirano, Y. , Lukac, M. , Aranda, X. , … Ostonen, I. (2013). Fine‐root turnover rates of European forests revisited: An analysis of data from sequential coring and ingrowth cores. Plant and Soil, 362(1–2), 357–372. 10.1007/s11104-012-1313-5 DOI

Brunner, I. , Brodbeck, S. , & Walthert, L. (2002). Fine root chemistry, starch concentration and vitality of subalpine conifers forest in relation to soil pH. Forest Ecology and Management, 165, 75–84. 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00633-8 DOI

Büttner, V. , & Leuschner, C. (1994). Spatial and temporal patterns of fine root abundance in a mixed oak‐beech forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 70(1–3), 11–21. 10.1016/0378-1127(94)90071-X DOI

Claus, A. , & George, E. (2005). Effect of stand age on fine‐root biomass and biomass distribution in three European forest chronosequences. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 35(7), 1617–1625. 10.1139/x05-079 DOI

Curt, T. , & Prévosto, B. (2003). Rooting strategy of naturally regenerated beech in Silver birch and Scots pine woodlands. Plant and Soil, 255(1), 265–279. 10.1023/A:1026132021506 DOI

De Wit, H. A. , Mulder, J. , Nygaard, P. H. , & Aamlid, D. (2001). Testing the aluminium toxicity hypothesis: A field manipulation experiment in mature spruce forest in Norway. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 130(1/4), 995–1000. 10.1023/A:1013939725573 DOI

Dobrowolska, D. (2015). Vitality of European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) at the limit of its natural range in Poland. Polish Journal of Ecology, 63(2), 260–272. 10.3161/15052249PJE2015.63.2.009 DOI

Domisch, T. , Finér, L. , Dawud, S. M. , Vesterdal, L. , & Raulund‐Rasmussen, K. (2015). Does species richness affect fine root biomass and production in young forest plantations? Oecologia, 177(2), 581–594. 10.1007/s00442-014-3107-3 PubMed DOI

Eldhuset, T. D. , Lange, H. , & de Wit, H. A. (2006). Fine root biomass, necromass and chemistry during seven years of elevated aluminium concentrations in the soil solution of a middle‐aged Picea abies stand. Science of the Total Environment, 369(1–3), 344–356. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.05.011 PubMed DOI

Epron, D. , Farque, L. , Lucot, E. , & Badot, P.‐M. (1999). Soil CO2 efflux in a beech forest: The contribution of root respiration. Annals of Forest Science, 56(4), 289–295. 10.1051/forest:19990403 DOI

Fabiao, A. , Persson, H. , & Steen, E. (1985). Growth dynamics of superficial roots in Portuguese plantations of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. studied with a mesh bag technique. Plant and Soil, 83, 233–242. 10.1007/BF02184295 DOI

Ferré, C. , Zenone, T. , Comolli, R. , & Seufert, G. (2012). Estimating heterotrophic and autotrophic soil respiration in a semi‐natural forest of Lombardy, Italy. Pedobiologia, 55(6), 285–294. 10.1016/j.pedobi.2012.05.001 DOI

Finér, L. , Domisch, T. , Dawud, S. M. , Raulund‐Rasmussen, K. , Vesterdal, L. , Bouriaud, O. , … Valladares, F. (2017). Conifer proportion explains fine root biomass more than tree species diversity and site factors in major European forest types. Forest Ecology and Management, 406(August), 330–350. 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.09.017 DOI

Finér, L. , & Laine, J. (1998). Root dynamics at drained peatland sites of different fertility in southern Finland. Plant and Soil, 201(1), 27–36. 10.1023/A:1004373822354 DOI

Finér, L. , Mannerkoski, H. , Piirainen, S. , & Starr, M. (2003). Carbon and nitrogen pools in an old‐growth, Norway spruce mixed forest in eastern Finland and changes associated with clear‐cutting. Forest Ecology and Management, 174(1–3), 51–63. 10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00019-1 DOI

Fritz, H. (1999). Feinwurzel‐Verteilung, ‐Vitalität, ‐Produktion und ‐Umsatz von Fichten (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) auf unterschiedlich versauerten Standorten. Berichte Forschungszentrum Waldökosysteme, 165, 1–138.

García Morote, F. A. , López Serrano, F. R. , Andrés, M. , Rubio, E. , González Jiménez, J. L. , & de las Heras, J. (2012). Allometries, biomass stocks and biomass allocation in the thermophilic Spanish juniper woodlands of Southern Spain. Forest Ecology and Management, 270, 85–93. 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.01.007 DOI

Godbold, D. L. , Fritz, H.‐W. , Jentschke, G. , Meesenburg, H. , & Rademacher, P. (2003). Root turnover and root necromass accumulation of Norway spruce (Picea abies) are affected by soil acidity. Tree Physiology, 23(13), 915–921. 10.1093/treephys/23.13.915 PubMed DOI

Gaul, D. , Hertel, D. , & Leuschner, C. (2009). Estimating fine root longevity in a temperate Norway spruce forest using three independent methods. Functional Plant Biology, 36(1), 11–19. 10.1071/FP08195 PubMed DOI

Genenger, M. , Zimmermann, S. , Hallenbarter, D. , Landolt, W. , Frossard, E. , & Brunner, I. (2003). Fine root growth and element concentrations of Norway spruce as affected by wood ash and liquid fertilisation. Plant and Soil, 255, 253–264. 10.1023/A:1026118101339 DOI

Gonzalez, M. , Augusto, L. , Gallet‐Budynek, A. , Xue, J. , Yauschew‐Raguenes, N. , Guyon, D. , … Bakker, M. R. (2013). Contribution of understory species to total ecosystem above‐ground and below‐ground biomass in temperate Pinus pinaster Ait. forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 289, 38–47. 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.10.026 DOI

Grebenc, T. , & Kraigher, H. (2007). Changes in the community of ectomycorrhizal fungi and increased fine root number under adult beech trees chronically fumigated with double ambient ozone concentration. Plant Biology, 9(2), 279–287. 10.1055/s-2006-924489 PubMed DOI

Grygoruk, D. (2016). Root biomass of Fagus sylvatica L. stands depending on the climatic conditions. Folia Forestalia Polonica, 58(4), 220–227. 10.1515/ffp-2016-0025 DOI

Hansson, K. , Helmisaari, H. S. , Sah, S. P. , & Lange, H. (2013). Fine root production and turnover of tree and understorey vegetation in Scots pine, silver birch and Norway spruce stands in SW Sweden. Forest Ecology and Management, 309, 58–65. 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.01.022 DOI

Helmisaari, H.‐S. , Derome, J. , Nojd, P. , & Kukkola, M. (2007). Fine root biomass in relation to site and stand characteristics in Norway spruce and Scots pine stands. Tree Physiology, 27(10), 1493–1504. 10.1093/treephys/27.10.1493 PubMed DOI

Helmisaari, H.‐S. , Makkonen, K. , Kellomäki, S. , Valtonen, E. , & Mälkönen, E. (2002). Below‐ and above‐ground biomass, production and nitrogen use in Scots pine stands in eastern Finland. Forest Ecology and Management, 165(1–3), 317–326. 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00648-X DOI

Helmisaari, H. S. , & Hallbäcken, L. (1999). Fine‐root biomass and necromass in limed and fertilized Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands. Forest Ecology and Management, 119(1–3), 99–110. 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00514-3 DOI

Hendriks, C. , & Bianchi, F. (1995). Root density and root biomass in pure and mixed forest stands of Douglas‐fir and Beech. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science, 43, 321–331. Retrieved from https://library.wur.nl/ojs/index.php/njas/article/view/570

Hertel, D. (1999). Das Feinwurzelsystem von Rein‐ und Mischbeständen der Rotbuche: Struktur, Dynamik und interspezifische Konkurrenz. Dissertationes Botanicae, 317, 1–185.

Hertel, D. , & Leuschner, C. (2002). A comparison of four different fine root production estimates with ecosystem carbon balance data in a Fagus‐Quercus mixed forest. Plant and Soil, 239(2), 237–251. 10.1023/A:1015030320845 DOI

Herzog, C. , Steffen, J. , Graf Pannatier, E. , Hajdas, I. , & Brunner, I. (2014). Nine years of irrigation cause vegetation and fine root shifts in a water‐limited pine forest. PLoS ONE, 9(5), 1–11. 10.1371/journal.pone.0096321 PubMed DOI PMC

Hobbie, S. E. , Ogdahl, M. , Chorover, J. , Chadwick, O. A. , Oleksyn, J. , Zytkowiak, R. , & Reich, P. B. (2007). Tree species effects on soil organic matter dynamics: The role of soil cation composition. Ecosystems, 10(6), 999–1018. 10.1007/s10021-007-9073-4 DOI

Hölscher, D. , Hertel, D. , Leuschner, C. , & Hottkowitz, M. (2002). Tree species diversity and soil patchiness in a temperate broad‐leaved forest with limited rooting space. Flora, 197(2), 118–125. 10.1078/0367-2530-00021 DOI

Jacob, A. , Hertel, D. , & Leuschner, C. (2014). Diversity and species identity effects on fine root productivity and turnover in a species‐rich temperate broad‐leaved forest. Functional Plant Biology, 41(7), 678–689. 10.1071/FP13195 PubMed DOI

Jagodziński, A. M. , & Kałucka, I. (2010). Fine roots biomass and morphology in a chronosequence of young Pinus sylvestris stands growing on a reclaimed lignite mine spoil heap. Dendrobiology, 64(November), 19–30. 10.12657/denbio.072.012 DOI

Jagodzinski, A. M. , Ziolkowski, J. , Warnkowska, A. , & Prais, H. (2016). Tree age effects on fine root biomass and morphology over chronosequences of Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur and Alnus glutinosa stands. PLoS ONE, 11(2), 1–25. 10.1371/journal.pone.0148668 PubMed DOI PMC

Janssens, I. A. , Sampson, D. A. , Curiel‐Yuste, J. , Carrara, A. , & Ceulemans, R. (2002). The carbon cost of fine root turnover in a Scots pine forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 168(1–3), 231–240. 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00755-1 DOI

Kleja, D. B. , Svensson, M. , Majdi, H. , Jansson, P.‐E. , Langvall, O. , Bergkvist, B. O. , … Ågren, G. I. (2008). Pools and fluxes of carbon in three Norway spruce ecosystems along a climatic gradient in Sweden. Biogeochemistry, 89(1), 7–25. 10.1007/s10533-007-9136-9 DOI

Konopka, B. (2017). Foliage and fine root litter: A comparative study in young, natural regenerated stands of European beech and Norway spruce. Austrian Journal of Forest Science, 134(2), 99–118.

Konôpka, B. , & Lukac, M. (2013). Moderate drought alters biomass and depth distribution of fine roots in Norway spruce. Forest Pathology, 43(2), 115–123. 10.1111/efp.12005 DOI

Konôpka, B. , & Pajtík, J. (2013). Foliage and fine roots in terms of growth efficiency – A comparison between European beech and Norway spruce at early growth stages. Journal of Forest Science, 59(11), 436–446.

Konôpka, B. , Pajtík, J. , & Maľová, M. (2013). Fine root standing stock and production in young beech and spruce stands. Forestry Journal, 59(3), 163–171. 10.2478/v10114-011-0023-x DOI

Konôpka, B. , Pajtík, J. , & Marušák, R. (2015). Biomass allocation influenced by canopy closure in a young spruce stand. Journal of Forest Science, 61(2), 62–71. 10.17221/101/2014-JFS DOI

Konopka, B. , & Pavlenda, P. (2004). Liming and fertilization effects on rhizosphere and soil properties in mountain spruce stand. Ekologia, 23(1), 14–23.

Konôpka, B. , Yuste, J. C. , Janssens, I. A. , & Ceulemans, R. (2005). Comparison of fine root dynamics in Scots pine and Pedunculate oak in sandy soil. Plant and Soil, 276(1–2), 33–45. 10.1007/s11104-004-2976-3 DOI

Kubisch, P. , Hertel, D. , & Leuschner, C. (2016). Fine root productivity and turnover of ectomycorrhizal and arbuscular mycorrhizal tree species in a temperate broad‐leaved mixed forest. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7(August), 1–13. 10.3389/fpls.2016.01233 PubMed DOI PMC

Kummerow, J. , Kummerow, M. , & Trabaud, L. (1990). Root biomass, root distribution and the fine‐root growth dynamics of Quercus coccifera L. in the garrigue of southern France. lVegetatio, 87(1), 37–44.

Laiho, R. , & Finér, L. (1996). Changes in root biomass after water–level drawdown on pine mires in southern Finland. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 11(1–4), 251–260. 10.1080/02827589609382934 DOI

Leppälammi‐Kujansuu, J. , Ostonen, I. , Strömgren, M. , Nilsson, L. O. , Kleja, D. B. , Sah, S. P. , & Helmisaari, H. S. (2013). Effects of long‐term temperature and nutrient manipulation on Norway spruce fine roots and mycelia production. Plant and Soil, 366(1–2), 287–303. 10.1007/s11104-012-1431-0 DOI

Leuschner, A. , Leuschner, C. , Hertel, D. , Schmid, I. , & Koch, O. (2004). Stand fine root biomass and fine root morphology in old‐growth beech forests as a function of precipitation and soil fertility. Plant and Soil, 258(1–2), 43–56. 10.1023/B DOI

Leuschner, C. , & Hertel, D. (2003). Fine root biomass of temperate forests in relation to soil acidity and fertility, climate, age and species In Esser K., Lüttge U., Beyschlag W., & Hellwig F. (Eds.), Progress in botany (Vol. 64). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 10.1007/978-3-642-55819-1 DOI

Lohmus, K. , & Oja, T. (1983). K metodike izuchenja podzemnoi chasti drevostoev (The methodology of studying below‐ground part of trees). Lesovedenie, 4, 56–62.

Lopez, B. , Sabate, S. , & Gracia, C. A. (2001). Annual and seasonal changes in fine root biomass of a Quercus ilex L. forest. Plant and Soil, 230(1987), 125–134.

Lukac, M. , & Godbold, D. L. (2010). Fine root biomass and turnover in southern taiga estimated by root inclusion nets. Plant and Soil, 331(1), 505–513. 10.1007/s11104-009-0271-z DOI

Majdi, H. (2001). Changes in fine root production and longevity in relation to water and nutrient availability in a Norway spruce stand in northern Sweden. Tree Physiology, 1057–1061. 10.1093/treephys/21.14.1057 PubMed DOI

Majdi, H. , & Rosengren‐Brinck, U. (1994). Effects of ammonium sulphate application on the rhizosphere, fine‐root and needle chemistry in a Picea abies (L.) Karst. stand. Plant and Soil, 162, 71–80. 10.1007/BF01416091 DOI

Majdi, H. , Truus, L. , Johansson, U. , Nylund, J. E. , & Wallander, H. (2008). Effects of slash retention and wood ash addition on fine root biomass and production and fungal mycelium in a Norway spruce stand in SW Sweden. Forest Ecology and Management, 255(7), 2109–2117. 10.1016/j.foreco.2007.12.017 DOI

Mamayev, V. (1977). Root mass in the pine and the birch stand in Oxalis‐myrtilus site In Orlov A. (Ed.), Silvicultural research in Southern taiga (pp. 61–66). Moscow, Russsia: Nauka Publishers.

Mayer, M. , Sandén, H. , Rewald, B. , Godbold, D. L. , & Katzensteiner, K. (2017). Increase in heterotrophic soil respiration by temperature drives decline in soil organic carbon stocks after forest windthrow in a mountainous ecosystem. Functional Ecology, 31(5), 1163–1172. 10.1111/1365-2435.12805 DOI

McKay, H. M. , & Malcolm, D. C. (1988). A comparison of the fine root component of a pure and a mixed coniferous stand. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 18(11), 1416–1426. 10.1139/x88-220 DOI

Meier, I. C. , & Leuschner, C. (2008). Belowground drought response of European beech: Fine root biomass and carbon partitioning in 14 mature stands across a precipitation gradient. Global Change Biology, 14(9), 2081–2095. 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01634.x DOI

Meinen, C. , Hertel, D. , & Leuschner, C. (2009a). Biomass and morphology of fine roots in temperate broad‐leaved forests differing in tree species diversity: Is there evidence of below‐ground overyielding? Oecologia, 161(1), 99–111. 10.1007/s00442-009-1352-7 PubMed DOI PMC

Meinen, C. , Hertel, D. , & Leuschner, C. (2009b). Root growth and recovery in temperate broad‐leaved forest stands differing in tree species diversity. Ecosystems, 12(7), 1103–1116. 10.1007/s10021-009-9271-3 DOI

Messier, C. , & Puttonen, P. (1993). Coniferous and non‐coniferous fine‐root and rhizome production in Scots pine stands using the ingrowth bag method. Silva Fennica, 27(3), 10.14214/sf.a15673 DOI

Miguel Pérez, C. (2010). Respuestas ecofisiológicas y estructurales a la recurrencia, duración e intensidad de la sequía en plantaciones y bosques mixtos de quercus ilex, quercus pubescens y quercus cerrioides. Barcelona, Spain: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Facultat de Ciències.

Montagnoli, A. , Dumroese, R. K. , Terzaghi, M. , Onelli, E. , Scippa, G. S. , & Chiatante, D. (2018). Seasonality of fine root dynamics and activity of root and shoot vascular cambium in a Quercus ilex L. forest (Italy). Forest Ecology and Management, 431, 26–34. 10.1016/j.foreco.2018.06.044 DOI

Montagnoli, A. , Terzaghi, M. , Di Iorio, A. , Scippa, G. S. , & Chiatante, D. (2012a). Fine‐root morphological and growth traits in a Turkey‐oak stand in relation to seasonal changes in soil moisture in the Southern Apennines, Italy. Ecological Research, 27(6), 1015–1025. 10.1007/s11284-012-0981-1 DOI

Montagnoli, A. , Terzaghi, M. , Di Iorio, A. , Scippa, G. S. , & Chiatante, D. (2012b). Fine‐root seasonal pattern, production and turnover rate of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) stands in Italy Prealps: Possible implications of coppice conversion to high forest. Plant Biosystems, 146(4), 1012–1022. 10.1080/11263504.2012.741626 PubMed DOI PMC

Möttönen, M. , Lehto, T. , Aphalo, P. J. , Kukkola, M. , & Mälkönen, E. (2003). Response of mature stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies) to boron fertilization. Forest Ecology and Management, 180(1–3), 401–412. 10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00651-5 DOI

Murach, D. (1984). Die Reaktion der Feinwurzeln von Fichten (Picea abies Karst.) auf zunehmende Bodenversauerung. Bodenkundliche Berichte, 77, 1–126.

Nagler, M. , Fontana, V. , Lair, G. J. , Radtke, A. , Tasser, E. , Zerbe, S. , & Tappeiner, U. (2015). Different management of larch grasslands in the European Alps shows low impact on above‐ and below‐ground carbon stocks. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 213, 186–193. 10.1016/j.agee.2015.08.005 DOI

Nisbet, T. , & Mullins, C. (1986). A comparison of live and dead fine root weights in stands of Sitka spruce in contrasting soil water regimes. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16, 394–397. 10.1139/x86-068 DOI

Nygaard, P. H. , & De Wit, H. A. (2004). Effects of elevated soil solution Al concentrations on fine roots in a middle‐aged Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stand. Plant and Soil, 265(1–2), 131–140. 10.1007/s11104-005-0333-9 DOI

Ohashi, M. , Kilpeläinen, J. , Finér, L. , Risch, A. C. , Domisch, T. , Neuvonen, S. , & Niemelä, P. (2007). The effect of red wood ant (Formica rufa group) mounds on root biomass, density, and nutrient concentrations in boreal managed forests. Journal of Forest Research, 12(2), 113–119. 10.1007/s10310-006-0258-z DOI

Olajuyigbe, S. , Tobin, B. , Hawkins, M. , & Nieuwenhuis, M. (2012). The measurement of woody root decomposition using two methodologies in a Sitka spruce forest ecosystem. Plant and Soil, 360(1–2), 77–91. 10.1007/s11104-012-1222-7 DOI

Oleksyn, J. , Reich, P. B. , Chalupka, W. , & Tjoelker, M. G. (1999). Differential above‐ and below‐ground biomass accumulation of European Pinus sylvestris populations in a 12‐year‐old provenance experiment. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 14(1), 7–17. 10.1080/02827589908540804 DOI

Ostonen, I. , Lõhmus, K. , & Pajuste, K. (2005). Fine root biomass, production and its proportion of NPP in a fertile middle‐aged Norway spruce forest: Comparison of soil core and ingrowth core methods. Forest Ecology and Management, 212(1–3), 264–277. 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.03.064 DOI

Ostrogovic, M. Z. (2013). Carbon stocks and carbon balance of an even‐aged pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) forest in Kupa River Basin. Zagreb: University of Zagreb.

Palviainen, M. , Finér, L. , Kurka, A. M. , Mannerkoski, H. , Piirainen, S. , & Starr, M. (2004). Decomposition and nutrient release from logging residues after clear‐cutting of mixed boreal forest. Plant and Soil, 263(1–2), 53–67. 10.1023/B:PLSO.0000047718.34805.fb DOI

Persson, H. (1978). Root dynamics in a young scots pine stand in Central Sweden. Oikos, 30(3), 508 10.2307/3543346 DOI

Persson, H. (2007). Reliable data on fine‐root turnover from sequential soil coring in an old carbon budget for a 14‐year‐old Scots pine from the late 1970s: Comments on Majdi et al., Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 22: 299–303. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 22(6), 469–472. 10.1080/02827580701743179 DOI

Persson, H. Å. (1983). The distribution and productivity of fine roots in boreal forests. Plant and Soil, 71(1–3), 87–101. 10.1007/BF02182644 DOI

Persson, H. Å. , & Stadenberg, I. (2010). Fine root dynamics in a Norway spruce forest (Picea abies (L.) Karst) in eastern Sweden. Plant and Soil, 330(1), 329–344. 10.1007/s11104-009-0206-8 DOI

Persson, H. , & Ahlström, K. (2002). Fine‐root response to nitrogen supply in nitrogen manipulated Norway spruce catchment areas. Forest Ecology and Management, 168(1–3), 29–41. 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00726-5 DOI

Persson, H. , & Stadenberg, I. (2007). Distribution of fine roots in forest areas close to the Swedish Forsmark and Oskarshamn nuclear power plants. Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB, R‐07‐01, 30.

Persson, H. , Von Fircks, Y. , Majdi, H. , & Nilsson, L. O. (1995). Root distribution in a Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stand subjected to drought and ammonium‐sulphate application. Plant and Soil, 168–169(1), 161–165. 10.1007/BF00029324 DOI

Püttsepp, Ü. , Lõhmus, K. , Persson, H. Å. , & Ahlström, K. (2006). Fine‐root distribution and morphology in an acidic Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stand in SW Sweden in relation to granulated wood ash application. Forest Ecology and Management, 221(1–3), 291–298. 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.10.012 DOI

Remy, E. , Wuyts, K. , Boeckx, P. , Ginzburg, S. , Gundersen, P. , Demey, A. , … Verheyen, K. (2016). Strong gradients in nitrogen and carbon stocks at temperate forest edges. Forest Ecology and Management, 376, 45–58. 10.1016/j.foreco.2016.05.040 DOI

Rewald, B. , & Leuschner, C. (2009). Belowground competition in a broad‐leaved temperate mixed forest: Pattern analysis and experiments in a four‐species stand. European Journal of Forest Research, 128(4), 387–398. 10.1007/s10342-009-0276-4 DOI

Richter, A. K. , Hajdas, I. , Frossard, E. , & Brunner, I. (2013). Soil acidity affects fine root turnover of European beech. Plant Biosystems, 147(1), 50–59. 10.1080/11263504.2012.742471 DOI

Santana, V. M. , González‐Pelayo, O. , Maia, P. A. A. , Varela T., M. E. , Valdecantos, A. , Ramón Vallejo, V. , & Jacob Keizer, J. (2016). Effects of fire recurrence and different salvage logging techniques on carbon storage in Pinus pinaster forests from northern Portugal. European Journal of Forest Research, 135(6), 1107–1117. 10.1007/s10342-016-0997-0 DOI

Schmid, I. (2002). The influence of soil type and interspecific competition on the fine root system of Norway spruce and European beech. Basic and Applied Ecology, 3(4), 339–346. 10.1078/1439-1791-00116 DOI

Schmid, I. , & Kazda, M. (2002). Root distribution of Norway spruce in monospecific and mixed stands on different soils. Forest Ecology and Management, 159(1–2), 37–47. 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00708-3 DOI

Solly, E. F. , Schöning, I. , Boch, S. , Kandeler, E. , Marhan, S. , Michalzik, B. , … Schrumpf, M. (2014). Factors controlling decomposition rates of fine root litter in temperate forests and grasslands. Plant and Soil, 382(1–2), 203–218. 10.1007/s11104-014-2151-4 DOI

Solly, E. , Schöning, I. , Boch, S. , Müller, J. , Socher, S. A. , Trumbore, S. E. , & Schrumpf, M. (2013). Mean age of carbon in fine roots from temperate forests and grasslands with different management. Biogeosciences, 10(7), 4833–4843. 10.5194/bg-10-4833-2013 DOI

Stober, G. , George, E. , & Persson, H. (2000). Root growth and response to nitrogen. Ecological Studies, 142, 99–120.

Tanskanen, N. , & Ilvesniemi, H. (2007). Spatial distribution of fine roots at ploughed Norway spruce forest sites. Silva Fennica, 41(1), 45–54. 10.14214/sf.306 DOI

Taskinen, O. , Ilvesniemi, H. , Kuuluvainen, T. , & Leinonen, K. (2003). Response of fine roots to an experimental gap in a boreal Picea abies forest. Plant and Soil, 255(2), 503–512. 10.1023/A:1026077830097 DOI

Terzaghi, M. , Di Iorio, A. , Montagnoli, A. , Baesso, B. , Scippa, G. S. , & Chiatante, D. (2016). Forest canopy reduction stimulates xylem production and lowers carbon concentration in fine roots of European beech. Forest Ecology and Management, 379, 81–90. 10.1016/j.foreco.2016.08.010 DOI

Terzaghi, M. , Montagnoli, A. , Di Iorio, A. , Scippa, G. S. , & Chiatante, D. (2013). Fine‐root carbon and nitrogen concentration of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Italy Prealps: Possible implications of coppice conversion to high forest. Frontiers in Plant Science, 4(June), 1–8. 10.3389/fpls.2013.00192 PubMed DOI PMC

Uri, V. , Kukumägi, M. , Aosaar, J. , Varik, M. , Becker, H. , Morozov, G. , & Karoles, K. (2017). Ecosystems carbon budgets of differently aged downy birch stands growing on well‐drained peatlands. Forest Ecology and Management, 399, 82–93. 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.05.023 DOI

Van Praag, H. , Sougnez‐Remy, S. , Weissen, F. , & Carletti, G. (1988). Root turnover in a beech and a spruce stand of the Belgian Ardennes. Plant and Soil, 105(1), 87–103. Retrieved from http://file:///Users/megangood/Dropbox/Papers/modellingtreegrasscoexistenceJeltsch.pdf

Vanguelova, E. I. , Nortcliff, S. , Moffat, A. J. , & Kennedy, F. (2005). Morphology, biomass and nutrient status of fine roots of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) as influenced by seasonal fluctuations in soil moisture and soil solution chemistry. Plant and Soil, 270(1), 233–247. 10.1007/s11104-004-1523-6 DOI

Vanninen, P. , & Makela, A. (1999). Fine root biomass of Scots pine stands differing in age and soil fertility in southern Finland. Tree Physiology, 19(12), 823–830. 10.1093/treephys/19.12.823 PubMed DOI

Varik, M. , Aosaar, J. , Ostonen, I. , Lõhmus, K. , & Uri, V. (2013). Carbon and nitrogen accumulation in below‐ground tree biomass in a chronosequence of silver birch stands. Forest Ecology and Management, 302, 62–70. 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.03.033 DOI

Widén, B. , & Majdi, H. (2001). Soil CO2 efflux and root respiration at three sites in a mixed pine and spruce forest: Seasonal and diurnal variation. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 31(5), 786–796. 10.1139/x01-012 DOI

Wu, K. (2000). Fine root production and turnover and its contribution to nutrient cycling in two beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest ecosystems. Berichte Forschungszentrum Waldökosysteme, Reihe A, 17, 1–130.

Železnik, P. , Westergren, M. , Božič, G. , Eler, K. , Bajc, M. , Helmisaari, H.‐S. , Kraigher, H. (2018). Root growth dynamics of three beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenances. Forest Ecology and Management, 431, 35–43. 10.1016/j.foreco.2018.06.024 DOI

Zhiyanski, M. (2015). Fine‐root production and turnover based on 2‐yr of sequential coring in four forest tree species in Bulgaria. Silva Balcanica, 16(1), 34–49.

Zobrazit více v PubMed

figshare
10.6084/m9.figshare.7676219.v1