A comprehensive database of paleoclimate records is needed to place recent warming into the longer-term context of natural climate variability. We present a global compilation of quality-controlled, published, temperature-sensitive proxy records extending back 12,000 years through the Holocene. Data were compiled from 679 sites where time series cover at least 4000 years, are resolved at sub-millennial scale (median spacing of 400 years or finer) and have at least one age control point every 3000 years, with cut-off values slackened in data-sparse regions. The data derive from lake sediment (51%), marine sediment (31%), peat (11%), glacier ice (3%), and other natural archives. The database contains 1319 records, including 157 from the Southern Hemisphere. The multi-proxy database comprises paleotemperature time series based on ecological assemblages, as well as biophysical and geochemical indicators that reflect mean annual or seasonal temperatures, as encoded in the database. This database can be used to reconstruct the spatiotemporal evolution of Holocene temperature at global to regional scales, and is publicly available in Linked Paleo Data (LiPD) format.

Alfred Wegener Institut Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research Polar Terrestrial Environmental Systems Potsdam 14473 Germany

Aquatica GmbH Bern 3007 Switzerland

Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Environment Lucas Heights 2234 Australia

Balaton Limnological Institute Centre for Ecological Research Tihany H 8237 Hungary

Bishop's University Department of Environment and Geography Sherbrooke Quebec J1M 1Z7 Canada

British Antarctic Survey Palaeoenvironments and Ice Sheets Cambridge CB3 0ET UK

Brown University Department of Earth Environmental and Planetary Sciences Providence 2912 USA

Ca' Foscari University of Venice Department of Environmental Sciences Informatics and Statistics Venezia 30172 Italy

Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology Nanjing 210008 China

Concordia University Geography Planning and Environment Montreal H3G 1M8 Canada

CONICET Argentina CENAC APN Bariloche RN 8400 Argentina

Durham University Department of Geography Durham DH1 3LE UK

Eötvös Loránd University Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography Budapest 1117 Hungary

Fisheries and Ocean Canada Gulf Fisheries Centre Moncton NB E1C 9B6 Canada

Ghent University Renard Centre of Marine Geology Gent 9000 Belgium

Goethe University Department of Physical Geography Frankfurt am Main 60438 Germany

Heidelberg University Institute of Environmental Physics Heidelberg 69221 Germany

Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia Research Laboratory of the Environmental management St Petersburg 191186 Russia

Institute for Coastal Research Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht Germany

Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Russian Academy of Sciences Siberian Branch Novosibirsk 630090 Russia

Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement Université Paris Saclay Gif sur Yvette 91191 France

Landcare Research Ecosystems and Conservation Lincoln 7640 New Zealand

Lomonosov Moscow State University Faculty of Geography Moscow 119991 Russia

Masaryk University Department of Botany and Zoology Brno 61137 Czech Republic

Mount Royal University Department of General Education Calgary T3E6K6 Canada

National University of Ireland Galway School of Geography Archaeology and Irish Studies Galway H91 TK33 Ireland

Natural History Museum Department of Life Sciences London SW7 5BD UK

Natural Resources Canada Geological Survey of Canada Calgary AB T2L 2A7 Canada

Newcastle University School of Geography Politics and Sociology Newcastle upon Tyne NE17RU UK

NORCE Norwegian Research Centre LFI Bergen 5008 Norway

Northern Arizona University School of Earth and Sustainability Flagstaff AZ 86011 USA

Northwest University China College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Xi'an 710027 China

Northwestern University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Evanston IL 60208 USA

Okanagan College Department of Geography and Earth and Environmental Science Kelowna V1Y 4X8 Canada

Potsdam University Institute of Geosciences Potsdam 14476 Germany

Sheffield Hallam University Department of the Natural and Built Environment Sheffield S1 1WB UK

Sinclair Community College Geography Department Dayton OH 45402 USA

Stockholm University Department of Physical Geography Stockholm SE 106 91 Sweden

The LAKES Institute Lyss 3250 Switzerland

The Natural History Museum London SW7 5BD UK

The Ohio State University Department of Geography and Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center Columbus OH 43210 USA

Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras Mar del Plata 7600 Argentina

Universitat de Barcelona Departament de Biologia Evolutiva Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals Secció Ecologia Barcelona 08028 Spain

Université de Montpellier Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution Montpellier 34095 France

Université du Québec à Montréal Geotop UQAM Montréal H3C 3P8 Canada

Université Laval Department of Geography Center for Northern Studies Québec G1V 0A6 Canada

University at Buffalo Department of Geology Buffalo NY 14206 USA

University College Cork Department of Geography Cork Ireland

University College London Department of Geography London WC1E 6BT UK

University of Arizona Department of Geosciences Tucson AZ 85721 USA

University of Arizona School of Anthropology Tucson AZ 85721 USA

University of Basel Department of Environmental Sciences Basel 4056 Switzerland

University of Bern Institute of Geography and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research Bern 3012 Switzerland

University of Bern Institute of Geological Sciences and Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research Bern CH 3012 Switzerland

University of Bern Palaeoecology Bern CH 3013 Switzerland

University of Bremen MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences Bremen 28359 Germany

University of British Columbia Department of Biology; Department of Earth Environmental and Geographic Sciences Kelowna British Columbia V1V 1V7 Canada

University of Colorado Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences Boulder CO 80309 USA

University of Concepcion Department of Oceanography and COPAS Sur Austral Program Concepcion 4030000 Chile

University of Georgia Department of Geography Athens GA 30606 USA

University of Helsinki Department of Geosciences and Geography Helsinki 00014 Finland

University of Helsinki Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences Lahti 15140 Finland

University of Innsbruck Department of Ecology Innsbruck 6020 Austria

University of Lausanne Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics Lausanne 1015 Switzerland

University of Lodz Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology Lodz 90 237 Poland

University of London Birkbeck Department of Geography London WC1E 7HX UK

University of New Brunswick Department of Biology Fredericton NB E3B 5A3 Canada

University of Ottawa Department of Geography Environment and Geomatics Ottawa K1N6N5 Canada

University of Ottawa Ottawa Carleton Institute of Biology Ottawa K1N6N5 Canada

University of Southampton School of Geography and Environmental Science Southampton SO17 1BJ UK

University of Southern California Department of Earth Sciences Los Angeles CA 90089 USA

University of Southern California Information Sciences Institute Marina Del Rey CA 90292 USA

University of Utah Department of Geography Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA

University of Wisconsin Madison Department of Geoscience Madison WI 53706 USA

US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Centers for Environmental Information Boulder CO 80305 USA

Victoria University of Wellington School of Geography Environment and Earth Sciences Wellington 6012 New Zealand

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