The purpose of the present study was to examine the buffering effect of parental mediation of technology use and social support from parents on the association between cyber victimization and depression, assessed over one year. Participants were 113 7th through 9th graders from the Midwestern United States (age ranged from 12 to 17 years old; 86% were male) who were diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. They completed questionnaires on their perceptions of parental mediation of technology use, perceived social support from parents, and self-reported face-to-face and cyber victimization and depression at Wave 1. One year later, at Wave 2, they completed a questionnaire on their depression. Results indicated that the associations between cyber victimization and depression were more negative at higher levels of perceived parental technology mediation and social support, while these associations were more negative at lower levels of these variables, after controlling for face-to-face victimization and Wave 1 depression.

Department of Psychology Child Study Center Pennsylvania State University University Park State College PA 16801 USA

Faculty of Social Studies Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Arrizabalaga-Crespo C, Aierbe-Barandiaran A, Medrano-Samaniego C. Internet uses and parental mediation in adolescents with ADHD. Revista Latina de Comunicacion. 2010;65:561–571.

Bauman S, Toomey RB, Walker JL. Associations among bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide in high school students. Journal of Adolescence. 2013;36:341–350. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.12.001. PubMed DOI

Campbell M, Spears B, Slee P, Butler D, Kift S. Victims’ perceptions of traditional and cyberbullying and the psychosocial correlates of their victimization. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties. 2012;17(3-4):389–401. doi: 10.1080/13632752.2012.704316. DOI

Cheng ST, Cheung KC, Cheung CK. Peer victimization and depression among Hong Kong adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2008;64(4):766–776. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20489. PubMed DOI

Chng GS, Liau A, Khoo A, Li D. Parental mediation and cyberbullying – a longitudinal study. Annual Review of CyberTherapy and Telemedicine. 2014;12:98–102. PubMed

Cohen S, Underwood L, Gottlieb B, editors. Social support measurement and interventions: a guide for health and social scientists. Oxford: New York; 2000.

Davidson LM, Demaray MK. Social support as a moderator between victimization and internalizing-externalizing distress from bullying. School Psychology Review. 2007;36(3):383–405.

Dehue F, Bolman C, Vollink T, Pouwelse M. Cyberbullying and traditional bullying in relation to adolescents’ perceptions of parenting. Journal of Cyber Therapy & Rehabilitation. 2012;5(1):25–34.

Didden R, Scholte RHJ, Korzilius H, De Moor JMH, Vermeulen A, O’Reilly M, et al. Cyberbullying among students with intellectual and developmental disability in special education settings. Developmental Neurorehabilitation. 2009;12(3):146–151. doi: 10.1080/17518420902971356. PubMed DOI

Domingo MC. An overview of the internet of things for people with disabilities. Journal of Network and Computer Applications. 2012;35(2):574–596. doi: 10.1016/j.jnca.2011.10.015. DOI

Espelage D, Holt M. Dating violence and sexual harassment across the bully-victim continuum among middle and high school students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2007;36:799–811. doi: 10.1007/s10964-006-9109-7. DOI

Fanti KA, Demetriou AG, Hawa VV. A longitudinal study of cyberbullying: examining risk and protective factors. European Journal of Developmental Psychology. 2012;9(2):168–181. doi: 10.1080/17405629.2011.643169. DOI

Ferdon CD, Hertz MF. Electronic media, violence, and adolescents: an emerging public health problem. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2007;41:S1–S5. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.020. PubMed DOI

Galand B, Hospel V. Peer victimization and school disaffection: exploring the moderation effect of social support and the mediation effect of depression. British Journal of Educational Psychology. 2013;83(4):569–590. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8279.2012.02077.x. PubMed DOI

Gillespie AA. Cyber-bullying and harassment of teenagers: the legal response. Journal of Social Welfare & Family Law. 2006;28:123–136. doi: 10.1080/09649060600973772. DOI

Grigg DW. Cyber-aggression: definition and concept of cyberbullying. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling. 2010;20:143–156. doi: 10.1375/ajgc.20.2.143. DOI

Hassett, M., Lowder, C., & Rutan, D.. (1992). Use of computer network bulletin board systems by disabled persons. Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer Application in Medical Care, 151–155. PubMed PMC

Heiman T, Olenik-Shemsh D, Eden S. Cyberbullying involvement among students with ADHD: relation to loneliness, self-efficacy and social support. European Journal of Special Needs Education. 2015;30(1):15–29. doi: 10.1080/08856257.2014.943562. DOI

Hinduja S, Patchin JW. Cyberbullying: an exploratory analysis of factors related to offending and victimization. Deviant Behavior. 2008;29(2):129–156. doi: 10.1080/01639620701457816. DOI

Hu H, Chou W, Yen C. Anxiety and depression among adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the roles of behavioral temperamental traits, comorbid autism spectrum disorder, and bullying involvement. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences. 2016;32(2):103–109. doi: 10.1016/j.kjms.2016.01.002. PubMed DOI PMC

Kowalski RM, Fedina C. Cyber bullying in ADHD and asperger syndrome populations. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2011;5(3):1201–1208. doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2011.01.007. DOI

Kowalski RM, Limber SP. Electronic bullying among middle school students. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2007;41(6):22–30. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.017. PubMed DOI

Kowalski RM, Limber SP. Psychological, physical, and academic correlates of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2013;53(1 Suppl):S13–S20. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.018. PubMed DOI

Kuo MH, Orsmond G, Coster W, Cohn ES. Media use among adolescents with autism spectrum. Autism. 2014;18(8):914–923. doi: 10.1177/1362361313497832. PubMed DOI

Livingstone S, Helsper EJ. Parental mediation of children’s internet use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media. 2008;52(4):581–599. doi: 10.1080/08838150802437396. DOI

Livingstone S, Haddon L, Görzig A, Ólafsson K. Risks and safety on the internet: the perspective of European children. London: LSE; 2011.

Lwin MO, Stanaland A, Miyazaki AD. Protecting children’s privacy online: how parental mediation strategies affect website safeguard effectiveness. Journal of Retailing. 2008;84(2):205–217. doi: 10.1016/j.jretai.2008.04.004. DOI

Malecki CK, Demaray MK, Elliot SN. The child and adolescent social support scale. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University; 2000.

Mazurek MO, Shattuck PT, Wagner M, Cooper BP. Prevalence and correlates of screen-based media use among youths with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders. 2012;42(8):1757–1767. doi: 10.1007/s10803-011-1413-8. PubMed DOI PMC

Mesch GS. Parental mediation, online activities, and cyberbullying. Cyberpsychology & Behavior. 2009;12(4):387–393. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2009.0068. PubMed DOI

Navarrro R, Yubero S, Larranaga E. Psychosocial risk factors for involvement in bullying behaviors: empirical comparison between cyberbullying and social bullying victims and bullies. School Mental Health. 2015;7:235–248. doi: 10.1007/s12310-015-9157-9. DOI

Nikken, P., & de Haan, J. (2015). Guiding young children’s internet use at home: problems that parents experience in their parental mediation and the need for parenting support. CyberPsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 9(3).

Radloff LS. The CES-D Scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement. 1977;1(3):385–401. doi: 10.1177/014662167700100306. DOI

Rideout VJ, Roberts DF, Foehr UG. Generation M: media in the lives of 8–18-year-olds: Executive summary. Menlo Park: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2005.

Rose CA, Monda-Amaya LE. Bullying and victimization among students with disabilities: effective strategies for classroom teachers. Intervention in School and Clinic. 2011;48:99–107. doi: 10.1177/1053451211430119. DOI

Rothon C, Head J, Klineberg E, Stansfeld S. Can social support protect bullied adolescents from adverse outcomes? A prospective study on the effects of bullying on the educational achievement and mental health of adolescents at secondary schools in East London. Journal of Adolescence. 2011;34:579–588. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.02.007. PubMed DOI PMC

Smahel D, Wright MF, Cernikova M. The impact of digital media on health: children’s perspectives. International Journal of Public Health. 2015;60:131–137. doi: 10.1007/s00038-015-0649-z. PubMed DOI

Smith PK, Mahdavi J, Carvalho M, Fisher S, Russell S, Tippett N. Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2008;49:376–385. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x. PubMed DOI

Smokowski PR, Evans CB, Cotter KL. The differential impacts of episodic, chronic, and cumulative physical bullying and cyberbullying: the effects of victimization on the school experiences, social support, and mental health of rural adolescents. Violence and Victims. 2014;29(6):1029–1046. doi: 10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-13-00076. PubMed DOI

Soper, D. S. (2013). Interaction! Available: http://www.danielsoper.com/Interaction/

Talves, K., & Kalmus, V. (2015). Gendered mediation of children’s internet use: a keyhole for looking into changing socialization practices. CyberPsychology. Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace. 9(4).

Van Roekel E, Scholte RHJ, Didden R. Bullying among adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: prevalence and perception. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2010;40(1):63–73. doi: 10.1007/s10803-009-0832-2. PubMed DOI PMC

Wells M, Mitchell KJ. Patterns of internet use and risk for online victimization for youth with and without disabilities. Journal of Special Education. 2013;48(3):204–213. doi: 10.1177/0022466913479141. DOI

Williams KR, Guerra NG. Prevalence and predictors of internet bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2007;41(6 Suppl 1):S14–S21. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.018. PubMed DOI

Wolak J, Mitchell K, Finkelhor D. Does online harassment constitute bullying? An exploration of online harassment by known peers and online-only contacts. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2007;41:S51–S58. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.019. PubMed DOI

Wormington SV, Anderson KG, Tomlinson KL, Brown SA. Alcohol and other drug use in middle school: the interplay of gender, peer victimization, and supportive social relationships. Journal of Early Adolescence. 2013;33(5):610–634. doi: 10.1177/0272431612453650. PubMed DOI PMC

Wright, M. F. (2015). Cyber victimization and adjustment difficulties: the mediation of Chinese and American adolescents’ digital technology usage. CyberPsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research in Cyberspace. 9(1). doi: 10.5817/CP2015-1-7

Wright, M. F. (2016). Cyber victimization and substance use among adolescents: the moderation of perceived social support. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions. doi:10.1080/1533256X.2016.1143371.

Wright, M. F. (2017). The buffering effect of parental mediation in the relationship between adolescents’ cyberbullying victimization and adjustment difficulties. Child Abuse Review, 25(5), 345–358. doi:10.1002/car.2448.

Wright MF, Li Y. Kicking the digital dog: a longitudinal investigation of young adults’ victimization and cyber-displaced aggression. CyberPsychology, Behavior, & Social Networking. 2012;15:448–454. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2012.0061. PubMed DOI

Wright MF, Li Y. The association between cyber victimization and subsequent cyber aggression: the moderating effect of peer rejection. Journal of Youth & Adolescence. 2013;42(5):662–674. doi: 10.1007/s10964-012-9903-3. PubMed DOI

Wright MF, Li Y, Shi J. Chinese adolescents’ social status goals: associations with behaviors and attributions for relational aggression. Youth & Society. 2014;46(4):566–588. doi: 10.1177/0044118X12448800. DOI

Ybarra ML, Mitchell KJ. Online aggressor/targets, aggressors, and targets: a comparison of associated youth characteristics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2004;45:1308–1316. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00328.x. PubMed DOI

Ybarra ML, Diener-West M, Leaf PJ. Examining the overlap in internet harassment and school bullying: implications for school intervention. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2007;41(6 Suppl 1):S42–S50. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.09.004. PubMed DOI

Ybarra ML, Mitchell KJ, Palmer NA, Reisner SL. Online social support as a buffer against online and offline peer and sexual victimization among U.S. LGBT and non-LGBT youth. Child Abuse and Neglect. 2015;39:123–136. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.08.006. PubMed DOI PMC

Zedyk SM, Rodriguez G, Tipton LA, Baker BA, Blacher J. Bullying of youth with autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, or typical development: victim and parent perspectives. Research on Autism Spectrum Disorder. 2014;8(9):1173–1183. doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2014.06.001. PubMed DOI PMC

Does Peer Rejection Moderate the Associations among Cyberbullying Victimization, Depression, and Anxiety among Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Cyberbullying Experiences Among Marginalized Youth: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go Next?