BACKGROUND: Recent data showed that North America has the highest incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) worldwide. OBJECTIVE: To assess contemporary gender-, race-, and stage-specific incidence; survival rates; and trends of RCC patients in the USA. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2001-2016), all patients aged ≥18 yr with histologically confirmed renal parenchymal tumors were included. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Age-adjusted incidence rates and 5-yr cancer-specific survival (CSS) rates were estimated. Temporal trends were calculated through Joinpoint regression analyses to describe the average annual percent change (AAPC). RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: The age-adjusted incidence rate of RCC was 11.3/100 000 person years (AAPC+2.0%, p<0.001). Five-year CSS rates increased from 78.4% to 84.5% (AAPC +0.8%, p<0.001). Male incidence was double that of females (15.5 and 7.7, respectively). CSS marginally favored females (84.5% vs 82.0%), but improved equally in both genders (both AAPC +0.8%). The highest incidence (14.1/100 000 person years, AAPC +2.8%) and lowest survival (80.1%) were recorded in non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native populations. T1aN0M0 had the highest incidence rates (4.6/100 000 person years), the highest increase over time (AAPC +3.6%), and the highest CSS (97.6%) of all stages. Limitations include retrospective nature and lack of information on risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of RCC increased significantly from 2001 to 2016, and 5-yr CSS after RCC improved. This was mainly due to T1aN0M0 tumors that showed the highest increase in the incidence and highest CSS. Unfavorable outcomes in specific ethnic groups warrant further research. PATIENT SUMMARY: We examined contemporary incidence and cancer-specific survival rates of kidney cancer. Males had double the incidence rates of females, but lower survival. Natives showed the highest incidence rates and the lowest survival rates. Small renal masses showed the highest incidence and survival rates.

Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit University of Montreal Health Center Montreal Quebec Canada

Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit University of Montreal Health Center Montreal Quebec Canada; Department of Urology European Institute of Oncology IRCCS Milan Italy

Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit University of Montreal Health Center Montreal Quebec Canada; Department of Urology San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital University of Turin Orbassano Turin Italy

Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit University of Montreal Health Center Montreal Quebec Canada; Department of Urology University Hospital Frankfurt Frankfurt Germany

Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit University of Montreal Health Center Montreal Quebec Canada; Division of Experimental Oncology Unit of Urology Urological Research Institute IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy; Vita Salute San Raffaele University Milan Italy

Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit University of Montreal Health Center Montreal Quebec Canada; Martini Klinik University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf Hamburg Germany

Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit University of Montreal Health Center Montreal Quebec Canada; Urology Unit ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties Radiological Science and Public Health University of Brescia Brescia Italy

Department of Urology Comprehensive Cancer Center Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria; Departments of Urology Weill Cornell Medical College New York NY USA; Department of Urology University of Texas Southwestern Dallas TX USA; Department of Urology 2nd Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic; Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health 1 M Sechenov 1st Moscow State Medical University Moscow Russia

Division of Experimental Oncology Unit of Urology Urological Research Institute IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Milan Italy; Vita Salute San Raffaele University Milan Italy

Medical Oncology Unit ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties Radiological Science and Public Health University of Brescia Brescia Italy

Urology Unit ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties Radiological Science and Public Health University of Brescia Brescia Italy

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