DNA nanodevices have been developed as platforms for the manipulation of gene expression, delivery of molecular payloads, and detection of various molecular targets within cells and in other complex biological settings. Despite efforts to translate DNA nanodevices from the test tube (in vitro) to living cells, their intracellular trafficking and functionality remain poorly understood. Herein, quantitative and super-resolution microscopy approaches were employed to track and visualise, with nanometric resolution, the molecular interactions between a synthetic DNA nanosensor and transcription factors in intracellular compartments. Specifically, fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy and multicolour single-molecule localisation microscopy were employed to probe the specific binding of the DNA nanosensor to the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). We monitored the mobility, subcellular localisation and degradation of the DNA nanosensor inside living prostate cancer PC3 cells. Super-resolution imaging enabled the direct visualisation of the molecular interactions between the synthetic DNA nanosensors and the NF-κB molecules in cells. This study represents a significant advance in the effective detection as well as understanding of the intracellular dynamics of DNA nanosensors in a complex biological milieu.

ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio Nano Science and Technology and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia

ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio Nano Science and Technology and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia and Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 00133 Rome Italy

Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 00133 Rome Italy

International Clinical Research Center St Anne's University Hospital CZ 65691 Brno Czech Republic

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DNA Nanostructures for Rational Regulation of Cellular Organelles