For several years, scientists have been trying to understand the mechanisms that reduce the long-term stability of perovskite solar cells. In this work, we examined the effect of water and photon flux on the stability of CH3 NH3 PbI3 perovskite films and solar cells using in situ near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and current density-voltage (J-V) characterization. The used amount of water vapor (up to 1 mbar) had a negligible impact on the perovskite film. The higher the photon flux, the more prominent were the changes in the NAP-XPS and FESEM data; also, a faster decline in power conversion efficiency (PCE) and a more substantial hysteresis in the J-V characteristics were observed. Based on our results, it can be concluded that the PCE decrease originates from the creation of Frenkel pair defects in the perovskite film under illumination. The stronger the illumination, the higher the number of Frenkel defects, leading to a faster PCE decline and more substantial hysteresis in the J-V sweeps.

ALBA Synchrotron Carrer de la Llum 2 26 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain

Applied Physics and Semiconductor Spectroscopy Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus Senftenberg Konrad Zuse Strasse 1 03046 Cottbus Germany

Applied Physics and Sensors Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus Senftenberg Konrad Wachsmann Allee 17 03046 Cottbus Germany

Charles University Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Department of Surface and Plasma Science 5 Holešovičkách 2 18000 Prague 8 Czech Republic

Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Kekuléstrasse 5 12489 Berlin Germany

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