When high-energy and high-power lasers interact with matter, a significant part of the incoming laser energy is transformed into transient electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) in the range of radiofrequencies and microwaves. These fields can reach high intensities and can potentially represent a significative danger for the electronic devices placed near the interaction point. Thus, the comprehension of the origin of these electromagnetic fields and of their distribution is of primary importance for the safe operation of high-power and high-energy laser facilities, but also for the possible use of these high fields in several promising applications. A recognized main source of EMPs is the target positive charging caused by the fast-electron emission due to laser-plasma interactions. The fast charging induces high neutralization currents from the conductive walls of the vacuum chamber through the target holder. However, other mechanisms related to the laser-target interaction are also capable of generating intense electromagnetic fields. Several possible sources of EMPs are discussed here and compared for high-energy and high-intensity laser-matter interactions, typical for inertial confinement fusion and laser-plasma acceleration. The possible effects on the electromagnetic field distribution within the experimental chamber, due to particle beams and plasma emitted from the target, are also described. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Prospects for high gain inertial fusion energy (part 2)'.

AWE plc Aldermaston Reading Berkshire RG7 4PR UK

CELIA University of Bordeaux CNRS CEA 33405 Talence France

Central Laser Facility Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Chilton Didcot STFC UKRI Oxfordshire UK

Department of Physics Scottish Universities Physics Alliance University of Strathclyde Glasgow G4 0NG UK

ELI Beamlines Institute of Physics Czech Academy of Sciences 25241 Dolní Břežany Czech Republic

ENEA Fusion and Technologies for Nuclear Safety Department C R Frascati Via Enrico Fermi 45 Frascati Roma Italy

INRS EMT Varennes Québec Canada

Institute of Physics ASCR Prague 8 Czech Republic

Kapteos Alpespace bât Cleanspace 354 voie Magellan 73800 Sainte Hélène du Lac France

The Blackett Laboratory Imperial College London Prince Consort Road London SW7 2AZ UK

Università d Roma La Sapienza Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 Roma Italy

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