Abandoning of a stable body temperature (Tb), a phenomenon known as heterothermy, is an adaptation to cope mainly with a lack of food and water, especially in species inhabiting daily or seasonally variable environments. There is increasing evidence that African mammals avoid adverse conditions by heterothermy and eventually by entering torpor. Members of subterranean rodent family, the African mole-rats (Bathyergidae), are suitable candidates to study both phenomena, because of the diversity of their strategies in respect of maintaining stable Tb ranging from homeothermic species to a mammal with the most labile Tb, the naked mole-rat. Currently, there are field data on daily and seasonal Tb in one social species only and such information are lacking for any solitary mole-rat. In our study, we recorded yearly Tb in two solitary bathyergids, the Cape mole-rat Georychus capensis and the Cape dune mole-rat Bathyergus suillus from South Africa using intraperitoneally implanted dataloggers. Since this region is characterised by changing ecological characteristics, we expected either decreases of Tb within 24 h indicating daily torpor and/or longer-term decreases of Tb, which would indicate multiday torpor. Although we found seasonally phase shifted low amplitude daily Tb cycles, we did not find any remarkable and regular daily and/or seasonal Tb deviations, likely showing an absence of torpor in both species. Due to absence of this energy saving mechanism, we may speculate that both species could be vulnerable to ongoing global climatic change.

Department of Zoology Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Branišovská 1760 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic

Mammal Research Institute Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa

Mammal Research Institute Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa; Department of Zoology Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Branišovská 1760 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic

Werribee Open Range Zoo Veterinary Hospital Zoos Victoria K Road Werribee Victoria 3029 Australia

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Long bone histomorphogenesis of the naked mole-rat: Histodiversity and intraspecific variation