Basketball shooting is one of the most important offensive skills in basketball. Winning or losing a game mostly depends on the shooting effectiveness. The study aims to compare the selected kinematic variables of 2-point (2-pt) and 3-point (3-pt) jump shots (after making a cut and receiving the ball) and ascertain the differences between elite male under 16 and 18 (U16M, U18M) and female under 16 and 18 (U16F, U18F) basketball players. Overall, forty-eight young male and female basketball players participated in the study. 3D motion analysis using an inertial suit with the addition of utilizing a smart ball was performed for assessing the 2-pt and 3-pt shooting techniques. Players in male categories shot for 2-pt with a higher center of mass difference in the vertical direction (U16M 5.7 cm, U18M 3.9 cm vs. U16F 1.4 cm, U18F 0.6 cm), with higher release shoulder angle (U16M 110.9, U18M 113.8 vs. U16F 103, U18F 105), and with a higher entry angle of the ball (U16M 34, U18M 32 vs. U16F 30, U18F 30) when compared to female categories (p < 0.001). In the 3-pt shooting, there were differences between male and female categories in the shoulder angle when releasing the ball (p < 0.001). In the players shooting speed, there were differences between U16M vs. U18F (0.95 ± 0.1 vs. 0.88 ± 0.1; p = 0.03) and U16F vs. U18F (0.96 ± 0.06 vs. 0.88 ± 0.1; p = 0.02) players. Male categories shot 3-pt shots with a smaller center of mass difference in the horizontal direction when compared to 2-pt shots (p < 0.001). The entry angle was higher in successful shooting attempts compared to unsuccessful shooting attempts when shooting for 3-pt (p = 0.02). Player shooting speed was higher in all categories (except U18F) when shooting for 3-pt (p < 0.001). It appears that performers show difference in kinematic variables based on distance from the basket. Basketball coaches and players should work to minimize the kinematic differences between 2-pt and 3-pt shooting and to optimize the shooting technique.

Department of Sports Faculty of Sports Studies Masaryk University 62500 Brno Czech Republic

Laboratory for Sports Games Faculty of Kinesiology University of Zagreb 10000 Zagreb Croatia

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Gómez M.Á., Lorenzo A., Sampaio J., Ibáñez S.J., Ortega E. Game-Related Statistics that Discriminated Winning and Losing Teams from the Spanish Men’s Professional Basketball Teams. Coll. Antropol. 2008;32:451–456. PubMed

Ibáñez S.J., García J., Feu S., Lorenzo A., Sampaio J. Effects of consecutive basketball games on the game-related statistics that discriminate winner and losing teams. J. Sports Sci. Med. 2009;8:458–462. PubMed PMC

Lorenzo A., Gómez M.Á., Ortega E., Ibáñez S.J., Sampaio J. Game related statistics which discriminate between winning and losing under-16 male basketball games. J. Sports Sci. Med. 2010;9:664–668. PubMed PMC

Oudejans R.R.D., Karamat R.S., Stolk M.H. Effects of Actions Preceding the Jump Shot on Gaze Behavior and Shooting Performance in Elite Female Basketball Players. Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach. 2012;7:255–268. doi: 10.1260/1747-9541.7.2.255. DOI

Teams Shooting. [(accessed on 18 October 2017)]; Available online: http://stats.nba.com/teams/shooting/

Ibáñez S.J., Sampaio J., Feu S., Lorenzo A., Gómez M.A., Ortega E. Basketball game-related statistics that discriminate between teams’ season-long success. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2008;8:369–372. doi: 10.1080/17461390802261470. DOI

Miller S., Bartlett R. The relationship between basketball shooting kinematics, distance and playing position. J. Sports Sci. 1996;14:243–253. doi: 10.1080/02640419608727708. PubMed DOI

Okazaki V.H.A., Rodacki A.L.F. Increased distance of shooting on basketball jump shot. J. Sports Sci. Med. 2012;11:231–237. PubMed PMC

Erčulj F., Supej M. Impact of Fatigue on the Position of the Release Arm and Shoulder Girdle over a Longer Shooting Distance for an Elite Basketball Player. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2009;23:1029–1036. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181a07a27. PubMed DOI

Rojas F.J., Cepero M., Ona A., Gutierrez M. Kinematic adjustments in the basketball jump shot against an opponent. Ergonomics. 2000;43:1651–1660. doi: 10.1080/001401300750004069. PubMed DOI

de Oliveira R.F., Huys R., Oudejans R.R.D., van de Langenberg R., Beek P.J. Basketball Jump Shooting Is Controlled Online by Vision. Exp. Psychol. 2007;54:180–186. doi: 10.1027/1618-3169.54.3.180. PubMed DOI

Oudejans R.R.D. Effects of Visual Control Training on the Shooting Performance of Elite Female Basketball Players. Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach. 2012;7:469–480. doi: 10.1260/1747-9541.7.3.469. DOI

Abdelrasoul E., Mahmoud I., Stergiou P., Katz L. The Accuracy of a Real Time Sensor in an Instrumented Basketball. Procedia Eng. 2015;112:202–206. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.07.200. DOI

Rupcic T., Antekolovic L., Knjaz D., Matkovic B., Cigrovski V. Reliability Analysis of the 94 Fifty Smart Sensor Basketball. In: Zvonar M., Sajdlova Z., editors. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Kinanthropology: Sport and Quality of Life. Masarykova University; Brno, Czech Republic: 2016. pp. 432–438;.

Hopkins W.G., Marshall S.W., Batterham A.M., Hanin J. Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2009;41:3–13. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278. PubMed DOI

Vincent W.J., Weir J.P. Statistics in Kinesiology. 4th ed. Human Kinetics; Champaign, IL, USA: 2012.

Lakens D. Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Front. Psychol. 2013;4:863. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863. PubMed DOI PMC

Richardson J.T.E. Eta squared and partial eta squared as measures of effect size in educational research. Educ. Res. Rev. 2011;6:135–147. doi: 10.1016/j.edurev.2010.12.001. DOI

Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Routledge Academic; New York, NY, USA: 1988.

Uygur M., Goktepe A., Ak E., Karabork H., Korkusuz F. The Effect of Fatigue on the Kinematics of Free Throw Shooting in Basketball. J. Hum. Kinet. 2010;24:51–56. doi: 10.2478/v10078-010-0019-0. DOI

Turner A.N., Jeffreys I. The Stretch-Shortening Cycle: Proposed Mechanisms and Methods for Enhancement. Strength Cond. J. 2010;32:87. doi: 10.1519/SSC.0b013e3181e928f9. DOI

Okazaki V.H.A., Rodacki A.L.F., Satern M.N. A review on the basketball jump shot. Sports Biomech. 2015;14:190–205. doi: 10.1080/14763141.2015.1052541. PubMed DOI

Elliott B.C., White E. A kinematic and kinetic analysis of the female two point and three point jump shots in basketball. Aust. J. Sci. Med. Sport. 1989;21:7–11.

Okazaki V.H.A., Rodacki A.L.F. Basketball jump shot performed by adults and children. Hum. Mov. 2018;19:71–79. doi: 10.5114/hm.2018.73615. DOI

Khlifa R., Aouadi R., Hermassi S., Chelly M.S., Jlid C., Gabbett T.J. Kinematic Adjustments in the Basketball Free Throw Performed with a Reduced Hoop Diameter Rim. Int. J. Sports Sci. Coach. 2012;7:371–382. doi: 10.1260/1747-9541.7.2.371. DOI

Button C., MacLeod M., Sanders R., Coleman S. Examining Movement Variability in the Basketball Free-Throw Action at Different Skill Levels. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport. 2003;74:257–269. doi: 10.1080/02701367.2003.10609090. PubMed DOI

Miller S., Bartlett R.M. The effects of increased shooting distance in the basketball jump shot. J. Sports Sci. 1993;11:285–293. doi: 10.1080/02640419308729998. PubMed DOI

Gorman A.D., Maloney M.A. Representative design: Does the addition of a defender change the execution of a basketball shot? Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2016;27:112–119. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.08.003. DOI

van Maarseveen M.J.J., Oudejans R.R.D. Motor and Gaze Behaviors of Youth Basketball Players Taking Contested and Uncontested Jump Shots. Front. Psychol. 2018;9:706. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00706. PubMed DOI PMC

Podmenik N., Supej M., Kugovnik O., Erčulj F. Movement of the Body’s Centre of Mass During a Jump Shot Related to the Distance from the Basket of Young Players. Kinesiol. Slov. 2015;21:21–33.

Fontanella J.J. The Physics of Basketball. Johns Hopkins University Press; Baltimore, MD, USA: 2006.

Krause J., Meyer D., Meyer J. Basketball Skills & Drills. 3rd ed. Human Kinetics; Champaign, IL, USA: 2008.

Knudson D. Biomechanics of the Basketball Jump Shot—Six Key Teaching Points. J. Phys. Educ. Recreat. Dance. 1993;64:67–73. doi: 10.1080/07303084.1993.10606710. DOI

Elliott B. A kinematic comparison of the male and female two-point and three-point jump shots in basketball. Aust. J. Sci. Med. Sport. 1992;24:111–118.

Dobovičnik L., Jakovljević S., Zovko V., Erčulj F. Determination of the Optimal Certain Kinematic Parameters in Basketball Three-Point Shooting Using the 94fifty Technology/Bestimmung Optimaler Werte Einzelner Kinematischer Parameter Für Dreipunktewürfe Im Basketball Unter Anwendung Der 94fifty-Technologie. Phys. Cult. Fiz. Kult. 2015;69:5–13.

Vencurik T., Nykodym J. Selected factors influencing the successfulness of shooting in women’s basketball. In: Dragan M., Sporiš G., Šalaj S., Škegro D., editors. Proceedings of the 8th International Scientific Conference on Kinesiology. University of Zagreb, Faculty of Kinesiology; Opatija, Croatia: 2017. pp. 428–431.

Performance factors that negatively influence shooting efficiency in women's basketball