Although one-quarter of plant and vertebrate species are threatened with extinction, little is known about the potential effect of extinctions on the global diversity of ecological strategies. Using trait and phylogenetic information for more than 75,000 species of vascular plants, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and freshwater fish, we characterized the global functional spectra of each of these groups. Mapping extinction risk within these spectra showed that larger species with slower pace of life are universally threatened. Simulated extinction scenarios exposed extensive internal reorganizations in the global functional spectra, which were larger than expected by chance for all groups, and particularly severe for mammals and amphibians. Considering the disproportionate importance of the largest species for ecological processes, our results emphasize the importance of actions to prevent the extinction of the megabiota.

Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Desertificación CSIC UV Carretera Moncada Náquera Km 4 5 Apartado Oficial 46113 Moncada Spain

Department of Botany Faculty of Sciences University of South Bohemia Na Zlaté stoce 1 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic

Department of Zoology University of Oxford 11a Mansfield Rd Oxford OX1 3SZ UK

Ecology and Evolutionary Biology School of Biological Sciences University of Reading Reading UK

Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu Lai 40 51005 Tartu Estonia

Laboratoire Évolution and Diversité Biologique Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3 CNRS IRD UPS 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex France

Laboratorio de Invasiones Biologicas Facultad de Ciencias Forestales Universidad de Concepción Victoria 631 Concepción Chile

Programa Ciencias de la Biodiversidad Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt Carrera 1 16 20 Bogotá Colombia

School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol 24 Tyndall Ave BS8 1TQ Bristol UK

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