There is an increasing interest in revisiting plants for drug discovery, proving scientifically their role as remedies. The aim of this review was to give an overview of the ethnopharmacological uses of Pistacia lentiscus L. (PlL) leaves and fruits, expanding the search for the scientific discovery of their chemistry, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and antimicrobial activities. PlL is a wild-growing shrub rich in terpenoids and polyphenols, the oil and extracts of which have been widely used against inflammation and infections, and as wound healing agents. The more recurrent components in PlL essential oil (EO) are represented by α-pinene, terpinene, caryophyllene, limonene and myrcene, with high variability in concentration depending on the Mediterranean country. The anti-inflammatory activity of the oil mainly occurs due to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the arachidonic acid cascade. Interestingly, the capacity against COX-2 and LOX indicates PlL EO as a dual inhibitory compound. The high content of polyphenols enriching the extracts provide explanations for the known biological properties of the plant. The protective effect against reactive oxygen species is of wide interest. In particular, their anthocyanins content greatly clarifies their antioxidative capacity. Further, the antimicrobial activity of PlL oil and extracts includes the inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, periodontal bacteria and Candida spp. In conclusion, the relevant scientific properties indicate PlL as a nutraceutical and also as a therapeutic agent against a wide range of diseases based on inflammation and infections.

C N R Institute for Animal Production System in Mediterranean Environment Traversa La Crucca 3 Località Baldinca 07100 Sassari Italy

Dental Unite Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari 07100 Sassari Italy

Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Cagliari Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato 09042 Cagliari Italy

Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Sassari Viale San Pietro 43 C 07100 Sassari Italy

Department of Medicine Surgery and Experimental Sciences University of Sassari Viale San Pietro 43 07100 Sassari Italy

Department of Periodontology School of Dental Medicine University of Bern Freiburgstrasse 3 3010 Bern Switzerland

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Perugia Via Fabretti 48 06123 Perugia Italy

Faculty of Pharmacy Charles University Akademika Heyrovského 1203 50005 Hradec Králové Czech Republic

Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Rozvojová 263 16502 Prague Czech Republic

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