Oscillatoria has long been known to be polyphyletic. After recent resequencing of the reference strain for this genus, many Oscillatoria-like groups phylogenetically distant from the type species O. princeps remained unresolved. Here we describe one of these groups as a new genus Tenebriella. Most of the studied strains originate from Central Europe, where they are able to form prominent microbial mats. Despite the overall Oscillatoria-like morphology, Tenebriella can be distinguished by darker trichomes and forms a separate monophyletic clade in phylogenies inferred from the 16S rRNA gene and two additional loci (rpoC1, rbcLX). Within Tenebriella we recognize two new species differing from each other by morphological and ecological characteristics. First species does not fit any known taxon description, and thus is described as a new species T. amphibia. The latter one corresponds with the information available for Oscillatoria curviceps Agardh ex Gomont, and thus new combination T. curviceps is proposed. The phylogenetic analyses of the 16S-23S ITS region together with the comparison of the hypothetical secondary structures confirmed recognition of these two species and additionally revealed presence of a morphologically cryptic species Tenebriella sp. The results corroborate frequent recurrence of convergent morphotypes in the evolution of cyanobacteria and justify further exploration even of the intensively studied European freshwaters using molecular phylogenetics to discover new and ecologically relevant taxa.

University of South Bohemia Faculty of Science Branišovská 1760 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic

University of South Bohemia Faculty of Science Branišovská 1760 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic; Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Hydrobiology Na Sádkách 702 7 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic

University of South Bohemia Faculty of Science Branišovská 1760 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic; Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Soil Biology Na Sádkách 702 7 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic

University of South Bohemia Faculty of Science Branišovská 1760 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic; The Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Botany Centre for Phycology Dukelská 135 379 82 Třeboň Czech Republic

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Molecular characterization of two cyanobacterial generitypes from their type localities in Scandinavia