We here report on the direct observation of ferroelectric properties of water ice in its 2D phase. Upon nanoelectromechanical confinement between two graphene layers, water forms a 2D ice phase at room temperature that exhibits a strong and permanent dipole which depends on the previously applied field, representing clear evidence for ferroelectric ordering. Characterization of this permanent polarization with respect to varying water partial pressure and temperature reveals the importance of forming a monolayer of 2D ice for ferroelectric ordering which agrees with ab-initio and molecular dynamics simulations conducted. The observed robust ferroelectric properties of 2D ice enable novel nanoelectromechanical devices that exhibit memristive properties. A unique bipolar mechanical switching behavior is observed where previous charging history controls the transition voltage between low-resistance and high-resistance state. This advance enables the realization of rugged, non-volatile, mechanical memory exhibiting switching ratios of 106, 4 bit storage capabilities and no degradation after 10,000 switching cycles.

Department of Chemical Physics and Optics Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Charles University Prague 121 16 Czech Republic

Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Cheng Kung University Tainan 70101 Taiwan

Department of Physics National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan

Graduate Institute of Opto Mechatronics National Chung Cheng University Chiayi 62102 Taiwan

Institute for Atomic and Molecular Science Academia Sinica Taipei 10617 Taiwan

International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan

Molecular Science and Technology Program Taiwan International Graduate Program Academia Sinica Taipei 10617 Taiwan

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