OBJECTIVES: Mode of subsistence is an important factor influencing dietary habits and the genetic structure of various populations through differential intensity of gene flow and selection pressures. Previous studies suggest that in Africa Taste 2 Receptor Member 16 (TAS2R16), which encodes the 7-transmembrane receptor protein for bitterness, might also be under positive selection pressure. METHODS: However, since sampling coverage of populations was limited, we created a new TAS2R16 population dataset from across the African Sahel/Savannah belt representing various local populations of differing subsistence modes, linguistic affiliations, and geographic provenience. We sequenced the TAS2R16 exon gene and analyzed 2250 haplotypes among 19 populations. RESULTS: We found no evidence for selection as a driving force of genetic variation at this locus; instead, we discovered a highly significant correlation between TAS2R16 genetic and geographical distances based on provenience of the sampled populations, strongly suggesting that genetic drift most likely prevailed over positive selection at this specific locus. We also found significant correlations with other independent loci, mainly in sedentary farmers. DISCUSSION: Our results do not support the notion that the genetic diversity of TAS2R16 in Sahelian populations was shaped by selective pressures. This could result from several alternative and not mutually exclusive mechanisms, of which the possibility that, due to the pleiotropic nature of TAS2R16, selective pressures on other traits could counterbalance those acting on bitter taste perception, or that the change of diet in the Neolithic generally relaxed selective pressure on this gene.

Arabic Department Faculty of Arts University of Kordofan Al Ubayyid Sudan

Archaeogenetics Laboratory Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague Czech Republic

Département de Linguistique et Langues Nationales Institut des Sciences des Sociétés CNRST Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic

Department of Archaeogenetics Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany

Department of Archaeology and Museology Faculty of Arts Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

Department of Genetics and Evolution Anthropology Unit University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland

Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva Geneva Switzerland

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Demographic and Selection Histories of Populations Across the Sahel/Savannah Belt