This study evaluates the efficiency of Phosphate solubilizing bacteria isolated from Effluent Treatment Plant sludge of Paradeep Phosphate Limited, Odisha, India, to solubilize rock phosphate (RP) and the mechanism and structural changes during solubilization investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Out of 13 bacterial isolates, Bacillus cereus S0B4, Solibacillus isronensis S0B8, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens S0B17 strains were found to be the best RP solubilizers. This is the first report on S. isronensis S0B8 with the ability to solubilize RP. In particular, the potent strain B. cereus S0B4 showed maximum soluble P (338.5 mg/L) on the 7th day. Negative correlations (r = -0.70; p ≤ 0.01) were observed between soluble P concentration and pH, whereas positive correlation exists with the growth of B. cereus S0B4 (r = 0.91, p ≤ 0.01), S. isronensis S0B8 (r = 0.75, p ≤ 0.01), and B. amyloliquefaciens S0B17 (r = 0.77, p ≤ 0.01) respectively. The P release kinetics followed the 1st order model well (R2 = 0.8001-0.8503). It seems that H+ ions and organic anions released from the organic acids are major factors responsible for RP solubilization. The SEM observations demonstrate that B. cereus S0B4 corroded the RP surface significantly due to the proton attack. The XRD analysis confirms that the intensity of all mineral peaks decreases after treatment with B. cereus S0B4. The FTIR analysis indicated a significant decrease of calcite and fluorapatite's vibrational bands with the disappearance of quartz.

Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Ghaziabad 201002 India

CSIR Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology Bhubaneswar Odisha 751013 India

Erratum v

Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2023 Jun;68(3):489. doi: 10.1007/s12223-022-01024-w. PubMed

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Aliyat FZ, Maldani M, El Guilli M, Nassiri L, Ibijbijen J (2020) Isolation and characterization of phosphate solubilizing bacteria from phosphate solid sludge of the Moroccan phosphate mines. Open Agric J 14

Alori ET, Glick BR, Babalola OO (2017) Microbial phosphorus solubilization and its potential for use in sustainable agriculture. Front Microbiol 8:971. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00971 DOI

Bardiya MC, Gaur AC (1974) Isolation and screening of microorganisms dissolving low-grade rock phosphate. Folia Microbiol 19:386–389 DOI

Bhattacharjya S, Adhikari T, Kundu S, Sahu A, Patra AK (2019) Evaluation of microbial solubilisation of nano rock phosphate. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 8:1055–1069 DOI

Böttcher ME, Gehlken PL, Steele DF (1997) Characterization of inorganic and biogenic magnesian calcites by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Solid State Ion 101–103:1379–1385. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2738(97)00235-x DOI

Chen YP, Rekha PD, Arun AB, Shen FT, Lai WA, Young CC (2006) Phosphate solubilizing bacteria from subtropical soil and their tricalcium phosphate solubilizing abilities. Appl Soil Ecol 34:33–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2005.12.002 DOI

Congeevaram S, Dhanarani S, Park J, Dexilin M, Thamaraiselvi K (2007) Biosorption of chromium and nickel by heavy metal resistant fungal and bacterial isolates. J Hazard Mater 146:270–277 DOI

Coutinho FP, Felix WP, Yano-melo AM (2012) Solubilization of phosphates in vitro by Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. Ecol Eng 42:85–89 DOI

de Medeiros EV, Silva AO, Duda GP, dos Santos UJ, de Souza Junior AJ (2019) The combination of Arachis pintoi green manure and natural phosphate improves maize growth, soil microbial community structure and enzymatic activities. Plant Soil 435:175–185 DOI

de Oliveira MG, de Freitas ALM, Pereira OL, da Silva IR, Vassilev NB, Costa MD (2014) Mechanisms of phosphate solubilization by fungal isolates when exposed to different P sources. Ann Microbiol 64:239–249 DOI

de Oliveira Mendes G, Murta HM, Valadares RV, da Silveira WB, da Silva IR, Costa MD (2020) Oxalic acid is more efficient than sulfuric acid for rock phosphate solubilization. Miner Eng 155:106458

Delvasto P, Valverde A, Ballester A, Igual JM, Muñoz JA, González F, Blázquez ML, García C (2006) Characterization of brushite as a re-crystallization product formed during bacterial solubilization of hydroxyapatite in batch cultures. Soil Biol Biochem 38:2645–2654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.03.020 DOI

Dorozhkin SV (2002) A review on the dissolution models of calcium apatites. Prog Cryst Growth Charact Mater 44:45–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8974(02)00004-9 DOI

Gaind S (2017) Exploitation of orange peel for fungal solubilization of rock phosphate by solid state fermentation. Waste Biomass Valorization 8:1351–1360 DOI

Hamdali H, Moursalou K, Tchangbedji G, Ouhdouch Y, Hafidi M (2012) Isolation and characterization of rock phosphate solubilizing actinobacteria from a Togolese phosphate mine. Afr J Biotechnol 11:312–320

Hameeda B, Harini G, Rupela OP, Wani SP, Reddy G (2008) Growth promotion of maize by phosphate-solubilizing bacteria isolated from composts and macrofauna. Microbiol 163:234–242

Holt JG, Krieg NR, Sneath PHA, Staloj JT, Williams ST (1994) Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology-, 9th edn. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore/London

Illmer P, Schinner F (1995) Solubilization of inorganic calcium phosphates-solubilization mechanisms. Soil Biol Biochem 27:257–263 DOI

Klaic R, Plotegher F, Ribeiro C, Zangirolami TC, Farinas CS (2017) A novel combined mechanical-biological approach to improve rock phosphate solubilization. Int J Miner 161:50–58 DOI

Kumari A, Kapoor KK, Kundu BS, Mehta RK (2008) Identification of organic acids produced during rice straw decomposition and their role in rock phosphate solubilization. Plant Soil Environ 54:72–77. https://doi.org/10.17221/2783-pse

Li L, Chen R, Zuo Z, Lv Z, Yang Z, Mao W, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Huang J, Song Z (2020) Evaluation and improvement of phosphate solubilization by an isolated bacterium Pantoea agglomerans ZB. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 36:27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-019-2744-4 DOI

Li L, Lv Z, Zuo Z, Yang Z, Yuan X (2016) Effect of energy source and leaching method on bio-leaching of rock phosphates by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Hydrometallurgy 164:238–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2016.06.018 DOI

Mendes GO, Galvez A, Vassileva M, Vassilev N (2017) Fermentation liquid containing microbially solubilized P significantly improved plant growth and P uptake in both soil and soilless experiments. Appl Soil Ecol 117–118:208–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.05.008

Mendoza-Arroyo GE, Chan-Bacab MJ, Aguila-Ramírez RN, Ortega-Morales BO, Canché Solís RE, Chab-Ruiz AO, Cob-Rivera KI, Dzib-Castillo B, Tun-Che RE, Camacho-Chab JC (2020) Inorganic phosphate solubilization by a novel isolated bacterial strain Enterobacter sp. ITCB-09 and its application potential as biofertilizer. Agricu 10:383

Mhamdi R, Laguerre G, Aouani ME, Mars M, Amarger N (2002) Different species and symbiotic genotypes of field rhizobia can nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris in Tunisian soils. FEMS Microbiol 41:77–84 DOI

Nahas E (1996) Factors determining rock phosphate solubilization by microorganisms isolated from soil. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 12:567–572. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00327716 DOI

Nobahar A, Sarikhani MR, Chalabianlou N (2017) Buffering capacity affects phosphorous solubilization assays in rhizobacteria. Rhizosphere 4:119–125 DOI

Paradeep Phosphates Limited (PPL) (2017-2018) Environment Statement report 18

Park JH, Bolan N, Megharaj M, Naidu R (2011) Isolation of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and their potential for lead immobilization in soil. J Hazard 185:829–836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.09.095 DOI

Paz A, Guadarrama D, López M, González JE, Brizuela N, Aragón J (2012) A comparative study of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles synthesized by different routes. Quim Nova 35:1724–1727. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422012000900004 DOI

Pikovskaya RI (1948) Mobilization of phosphorus in soil in connection with vital activity of some microbial species. Prikl 17:362–370

Prasad PSR, Chaitanya VK, Prasad KS, Rao DN (2005) Direct formation of the γ-CaSO4 phase in dehydration process of gypsum: In situ FTIR study. Am Mineral 90:672–678. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2005.1742 DOI

Reddy MS, Kumar S, Babita K, Reddy MS (2002) Biosolubilization of poorly soluble rock phosphates by Aspergillus tubingensis and Aspergillus niger. Bioresour Technol 84:187–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00040-8 DOI

Qarni A, Billah M, Hussain K, Shah SH, Ahmed W, Alam S, Sheikh AA, Jafri L, Munir A, Malik KM, Khan N (2021) Isolation and characterization of phosphate solubilizing microbes from rock phosphate mines and their potential effect for sustainable agriculture. Sustainability 13:2151 DOI

Reyes I, Valery A, Valduz Z (2007) Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms isolated from rhizospheric and bulk soils of colonizer plants at an abandoned rock phosphate mine. In First international meeting on microbial phosphate solubilization. Springer, Dordrecht 69–75

Rinu K, Pandey A (2011) Slow and steady phosphate solubilization by a psychrotolerant strain of Paecilomyces hepiali (MTCC 9621). World J Microbiol Biotechnol 27:1055–1062 DOI

Saikia BJ, Parthasarathy G, Sarmah NC (2008) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic estimation of crystallinity in SiO DOI

Sarikhani MR, Khoshru B, Oustan S (2016) Efficiency of some bacterial strains in potassium release from mica and phosphate solubilization under in-vitro conditions. Geomicrobiol 33:832–838 DOI

Seshadri S, Ignacimuthu S, Lakshminarasimhan C (2004) Effect of nitrogen and carbon sources on the inorganic phosphate solubilization by different Aspergillus niger strains. Chem Eng Commun 191:1043–1052 DOI

Sowmya S, Rekha PD, Yashodhara I, Karunakara N, Arun AB (2020) Uranium tolerant phosphate solubilizing bacteria isolated from Gogi, a proposed uranium mining site in South India. Appl Geochemistry 114:104523

Swain AK, Panda S (2016) Studies of Physico-chemical characteristics of surface water at the vicinity of Paradeep Phosphate Limited, Paradeep. Odisha Asian J Chem 9:25–28 DOI

Teng Z, Shao W, Zhang K, Huo Y, Li M (2019) Characterization of phosphate solubilizing bacteria isolated from heavy metal contaminated soils and their potential for lead immobilization. J Environ Manag 231:189–197 DOI

Tuovinen OH, Bhatti TM, Bigham JM, Hallberg KB, Garcia O, Lindstrom EB (1994) Oxidative dissolution of arsenopyrite by mesophilic and moderately thermophilic acidophiles. Appl Environ 60:3268–3274. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.60.9.3268-3274.1994 DOI

Wei Y, Zhao Y, Shi M, Cao Z, Lu Q, Yang T, Fan Y, Wei Z (2018) Effect of organic acids production and bacterial community on the possible mechanism of phosphorus solubilization during composting with enriched phosphate-solubilizing bacteria inoculation. Bioresour Technol 247:190–199 DOI

Whitelaw MA (2000) Growth promotion of plants inoculated with phosphate solubilizing fungi. Adv Agron 69:99–151 DOI

Xiao C, Wu X, Liu T, Xu G, Chi R (2017a) Microbial community structure of activated sludge for biosolubilization of two different rock phosphates. Appl Biochem 182:742–754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-016-2358-3 DOI

Xiao C, Tingting L, Guang X, Ruan C (2017b) Characteristics and mechanisms of biosolubilization of rock phosphate by Aspergillus japonicus. Braz Arch Biol Technol 60

Xiao C, Wu X, Zhu L, Yu T, Xu Z, Chi R (2019) Enhanced biosolubilization of mid-low grade phosphate rock by formation of microbial consortium biofilm from activated sludge. Physicochem Probl Miner 55

Yu LY, Huang HB, Wang XH, Li S, Feng NX, Zhao HM, Huang XP, Li YW, Li H, Cai QY, Mo CH (2019) Novel phosphate-solubilising bacteria isolated from sewage sludge and the mechanism of phosphate solubilization. Sci Total Environ 658:474–484 DOI

Yu X, Liu X, Zhu T (2014) Walnut growth and soil quality after inoculating soil containing rock phosphate with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria. Sci Asia 40:21–27 DOI