The occurrence of toxic bloom-forming cyanobacteria, Microcystis aeruginosa, has been frequently reported worldwide. These colony forming toxic cyanobacteria harbour a wide range of heterotrophic bacterial communities. The present study has attempted to understand the bloom dynamics of M. aeruginosa along with isolating their colony-associated culturable heterotrophic bacteria from two freshwater ponds in south India with a persisting cyanobacterial bloom. The monthly monitoring of these study areas revealed the conducive role of warm, stagnant waters with high nutrients in forming M. aeruginosa bloom. The peak values of temperature, nitrate, and phosphate at station 1 reached up to 30.5 °C, 4.48 mg/L, 1.64 mg/L, and at station 2, 31 °C, 3.45 mg/L, and 0.62 mg/L, respectively. Twenty-eight bacterial isolates belonging to Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes were obtained during the study. Among these 28 isolates, Firmicutes was dominant with the M. aeruginosa bloom from both the study areas.

• MeSH
• Bacteria klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• biodiverzita * MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• eutrofizace MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• Microcystis * růst a vývoj   klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S * genetika   MeSH
• sladká voda mikrobiologie   MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Indie MeSH

In this study, we use an integrative taxonomic approach to redescribe Schyzocotyle nayarensis (Malhotra, 1983) (Cestoda: Bothriocephalidae), based on newly collected specimens from the type-host Raiamas bola (Hamilton, 1822) (Cypriniformes: Danionidae) in Fulbari, Siliguri, West Bengal, India. The detailed morphological assessment, from whole mounts, histology and scanning electron microscopy, offers additional insights into the scolex structure, vitelline follicles, and egg morphology. Molecular data from this and previous studies corroborate the identity and systematics of S. nayarensis as a bothriocephalid closely related to the Asian Fish Tapeworm, Schyzocotyle acheilognathi (Yamaguti, 1934). This study elucidates the historical context and taxonomic ambiguities surrounding S. nayarensis, emphasizing the key role of the scolex in both generic and species identification. Amendments to the diagnosis of Schyzocotyle Akhmerov, 1960 are proposed. A differential diagnosis of the two valid species within the genus, namely S. acheilognathi and S. nayarensis, is also provided. An evaluation of the taxonomic status of Bothriocephalus teleostei Malhotra, 1984, and Capooria barilii Malhotra, 1985 suggests that they may be S. nayarensis. Finally, we posit that none of the ten species of Ptychobothrium Lönnberg, 1889 described from Indian freshwater teleosts belong to this genus but instead appear to be a mix of species belonging to Schyzocotyle, Senga Dollfus, 1934, and possibly even Proteocephalidae La Rue, 1911; all require further study based on newly collected, properly fixed specimens and an integrated taxonomic approach. Finally, future survey studies may reveal hidden diversity of Schyzocotyle species in Indian cyprinoids.

• MeSH
• Cestoda * klasifikace   anatomie a histologie   ultrastruktura   izolace a purifikace   genetika   MeSH
• cestodózy * veterinární   parazitologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• máloostní parazitologie   MeSH
• mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací * veterinární   MeSH
• nemoci ryb * parazitologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Indie MeSH

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Skeletal muscle is characterized by its mass, strength and performance. These normative values are pivotal in defining sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is associated with poor outcome of numerous medical and surgical conditions. This study aimed to establish normative benchmarks for skeletal muscle mass, strength and performance within the context of the Asian (Indian) population. METHODS: Our investigation utilized the computed tomography (CT) skeletal muscle index (SMI), handgrip strength (HGS), gait velocity and chair-stand test to construct reference values for muscle characteristics in the Indian population. RESULTS: The SMI analysis incorporated 1485 cases of acute abdomen (54.7%) males). The calculated SMI (kg/m2) was 38.50 (35.05-42.30) in males and 36.30 (32.20-41.20) in females (p = 0.510). The study also involved 3083 healthy individuals (67.6% males) evaluated for muscle strength and performance between August 2017 and August 2018. Notably, HGS (kg force) was recorded at 34.95 (26.50-43.30) in males and 25.50 (18.60-31.20) in females (p < 0.001). Gait velocity (metres/second) exhibited values of 1.25 (1.04-1.56) in males and 1.24 (1.03-1.56) in females (p = 0.851). Additionally, chair-stand test (seconds) results were 10.00 (9.00-13.00) in males and 12.00 (10.00-14.00) in females (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The investigation determined that males had greater muscle strength and performance than females. But gender wise, there was no significant difference in muscle mass. Interestingly, our population's muscle parameters were consistently lower compared to western literature benchmarks. These normative values will help to define sarcopenia parameters in our population, which have prognostic value in multiple ailments.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kosterní svaly * diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• počítačová rentgenová tomografie * MeSH
• referenční hodnoty MeSH
• rychlost chůze fyziologie   MeSH
• sarkopenie * diagnóza   patofyziologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• síla ruky * fyziologie   MeSH
• svalová síla * fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Indie MeSH

BACKGROUND: The Indian Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) was launched in 2014 with the goal to make India open defecation (OD) free by October 2019. Although it is known that the ambitious goal was not achieved, the nature of the sanitation change brought about by the SBM in different parts of India is poorly understood. One reason is a dearth of case studies that would shed light on the performance of the SBM simultaneously across its different domains. This article provides an example of such study. Employing a Process, Outcomes, Context approach, the objective is to understand the process and outcomes of the SBM-induced sanitation change in a specific context of rural Jharkhand. METHODS: The study utilizes data collected through field research conducted in the rural areas of Ranchi district, Jharkhand, a state in east-central India. This data was obtained via repeated cross-sectional household surveys conducted at the beginning and at the end of the SBM, supplemented by key informant interviews with SBM stakeholders. FINDINGS: We identified political support of SBM implementation and its acceptance amongst the population. Female community workers became key agents of SBM implementation at local level. The SBM increased toilet coverage in the study area from 15% to 85% and lowered the OD rate from 93% to 26%. It substantially reduced structural inequalities in access to toilets, furthered social sanitation norms, improved some of the attitudes towards toilet use, but impacted less on hygiene and sanitation knowledge. The implementation mainly concentrated on the construction of subsidized toilets but less on improving public understanding of safe sanitation practices. CONCLUSIONS: Although the SBM reduced sanitation inequalities in access to toilets in the study area, the behaviour change component was underplayed, focusing more on spreading normative sanitation messages and less on public education. Sustainability of the observed sanitation change remains a key question for the future. This article calls for more systematic production of geographically situated knowledge on the performance of sanitation interventions.

• MeSH
• Asijci * MeSH
• aspirace (psychologie) MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• sanitace * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Indie MeSH

Tor barbs, Tor tor (Hamilton), a cyprinid fish collected from Barak Valley, Assam, India were examined for helminth parasites. A nematode species of the genus Rhabdochona Railliet, 1916 (Rhabdochonidae) was found in the intestine of the fish specimens. The morphology of these nematodes was characterised by the presence of a funnel shaped prostom, head with four submedian sublabia, four cephalic papillae, long and slender posterior glandular oesophagus in both sexes, presence of 14 caudal papillae and two unequal spicules with pointed proximal tips in male specimens, and prominent post-equatorial vulval position, posteriorly directed vagina, uterus with fully scattered eggs in female specimens, and a tail pointed with a small mucron in both sexes. This nematode species was subsequently identified as Rhabdochona hospeti Thapar, 1950, reported herein for the first time in the northeastern India. In addition to its morphological description based on light microscopy, partial 18S and 28S rDNA sequences were generated to assess phylogenetic relationships of R. hospeti with other species of Rhabdochona.

• MeSH
• Cyprinidae * parazitologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• hlístice * genetika   MeSH
• nemoci ryb * epidemiologie   parazitologie   MeSH
• Spiruroidea * MeSH
• Thelazioidea * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Indie MeSH

Východiska: Úmrtnost na nádorová onemocnění se v Indii, která patří k zemím s nízkým a středním příjmem, v letech 1990–2016 zdvojnásobila, což značí stále rostoucí zátěž nepřenosnými chorobami. Stát Karnataka na jihu Indie je jednou z oblastí s vysokým počtem lékařských fakult a nemocnic. V článku prezentujeme stav onkologické péče v tomto státu, a to na základě dat shromážděných z veřejných registrů a dat z osobní komunikace se zainteresovanými stranami. Cílem bylo získat přehled o rozložení různých typů onkologické péče v jednotlivých regionech a poskytnout směrnice, které pravděpodobně povedou ke zlepšení situace, především v oblasti radioterapie. Tato studie může být brána jako letmý pohled na situaci v zemi a jako základ pro budoucí plánování onkologické péče v různých oblastech. Cíl: Pro založení centra komplexní onkologické péče je klíčové zřídit centrum radioterapie. V tomto článku je popsána současná situace těchto center a potřeba i rozsah zavedení a rozšiřování jednotek onkologické péče.

Background: Cancer mortality has doubled in India, a lower and middle-income country, from 1990 to 2016, depicting the ever-increasing burden of non-communicable disease. Karnataka, situated in the south of India, is one of the states with a rich medical college and hospital milieu. We present the status of cancer care across the state from the data collected by the investigators through public registries and personal communication to the concerned units to know the distribution of various services across the districts and give probable directives to improve on the present situation with emphasis on radiation therapy. This study may be taken as a bird’s eye view of the situation across the country and form a basis based on which future planning of services and areas to emphasize on, may be considered. Purpose: The establishment of a radiation therapy center holds the key to the establishment of comprehensive cancer care centers. The existing situation of such centers and the need and scope for inclusion and expansion of cancer units is presented in this article.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory epidemiologie   MeSH
• onkologická péče - zařízení * organizace a řízení   MeSH
• radioterapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Indie MeSH

BACKGROUND: Research confirms the negative relationship between early marriage and mothers' and children's health outcomes. This is why studies of the changes in age at marriage are an important task from the point of view of the health status and well-being of a mother and her offspring, especially in groups represented by extremely disadvantaged social strata in India. The results of such studies may influence the future family planning policy in the country. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the trend of age at marriage among the Scheduled Castes (SCs) women from two Indian states: Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh relative to the level of education and also to socioeconomic changes in the states. These states manifest the highest proportion of girls getting married below the age of 18 years-far above the proportion observed in entire India. METHODS: Women from Scheduled Caste, N = 1,612, aged 25-65, born in 1950-1990 were investigated. A modern semiparametric regression approach was used. To capture the relationship between age at marriage and year of birth, categories of women's level of education (illiterate; primary: 1st-5th standards; middle school: 6th-8th standards; high school: 9th-10th standards; higher secondary: 11th-12th standards), and categories of the profession (women working in the agricultural sector or the non-agricultural sector), flexible framework of the Generalized Additive Model (GAM) was applied. RESULTS: A significant impact of the cohort defined by the year of birth (<0.001), and women's education (<0.001) on age at marriage was noted, while the influence of women's occupation was not significant (p = 0.642). Mean age at marriage differed significantly with different education level. Women who graduated from primary school married 0.631 years later on average than illiterate ones, while those who graduated from middle schools, high schools (9th-10th standards) and higher secondary schools married significantly later than illiterate ones by 1.454 years and 2.463 years, respectively. Age at marriage increased over time: from slightly above 15 years in the cohort of illiterate women born in 1950 to almost 19 years in quite well-educated women born in 1990. The average age at marriage estimated for four education levels in 1990 ranged between 16.39 years (95%CI: 15.29-17.50) in the group of illiterate women and 18.86 years (95%CI: 17.76-19.95) in women graduated from high and higher secondary schools. CONCLUSION: The rise of age at marriage can be partly explained by the increase of females enrolled in schools, the alleviation of poverty, and the implementation of social programs for women.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• politika plánování rodičovství * MeSH
• porod MeSH
• rozvojové země MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• školy MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• společenská třída * MeSH
• stupeň vzdělání MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Indie MeSH

An endophytic fungus designated as EIT4T (MCC 9756T) was isolated from the asymptomatic stem tissue of Ephedra gerardiana collected from the Kargil district of Ladakh Union territory, India. Phylogenetic analysis based on concatenated nuclear ribosomal ITS (internal transcribed spacer) and LSU (large ribosomal subunit) sequence datasets revealed its placement within the genus Astragalicola. However, it formed a separate clade exhibiting strong bootstrap support value (80%). The highest nrITS sequence similarity between EIT4T and species of Astragalicola was 95.19% (A. vasilyevae) and 94.26% (A. amorpha), while nrLSU sequence similarity was 99.27% (A. amorpha). Morphologically, EIT4T differs from the other species of Astragalicola in having larger sub-globose to pyriform conidiomata, smaller and mostly unbranched conidiophores, and polymorphic translucent conidia with two terminal guttules. Based on combined cultural, micromorphological, molecular, and phylogenetic analyses, EIT4T represents a novel species in the genus Astragalicola proposed here as Astragalicola ephedrae sp. nov. Detailed description and illustrations of the novel species are provided. The type strain is EIT4T (= MCC 9756 T = MN29T).

• MeSH
• Ascomycota * MeSH
• DNA bakterií MeSH
• Ephedra * MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• mastné kyseliny analýza   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• techniky typizace bakterií MeSH
• zastoupení bazí MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Indie MeSH

S rozvolněním protiepidemických opatření, která lze očekávat v jarních a letních měsících, a předpokládaným opětovným nárůstem cestování považujeme za přínosné shrnout aktuální informace o současné situaci výskytu cholery ve světě. Cholera je endemická v řadě zemí světa, zejména v Asii a Africe. V souvislosti s pandemií covid-19 a zhoršující se socioekonomickou situací se její výskyt v některých oblastech významně zvýšil. V zemích Evropské Unie a Evropského hospodářského prostoru se vyskytují jen ojedinělé případy onemocnění cholerou, jedná se především o importy ze zemí s výskytem cholery.

With the relaxation of anti-epidemic measures expected in the spring and summer months and the anticipated resurgence of travel, we find it useful to summarize the current situation of cholera. Cholera is endemic in many countries of the world, particularly in Asia and Africa. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and the worsening socioeconomic situation, its incidence has increased significantly in some areas. Only sporadic cases of cholera have been reported in the European Union and European Economic Area countries, which are mainly imports from endemic countries.

• MeSH
• cholera * dějiny   epidemiologie   přenos   MeSH
• cholerové vakcíny terapeutické užití   MeSH
• gastroenteritida mikrobiologie   MeSH
• hlášení nemocí MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• kontrola infekčních nemocí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• přenos infekční nemoci MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Afghánistán MeSH
• Bangladéš MeSH
• Benin MeSH
• Haiti MeSH
• Indie MeSH
• Jemen MeSH
• Kamerun MeSH
• Keňa MeSH
• Mali MeSH
• Mosambik MeSH
• Nepál MeSH
• Niger MeSH
• Nigérie MeSH
• Tanzanie MeSH

• MeSH
• dějiny lékařství MeSH
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• fytoterapie dějiny   MeSH
• hojení ran * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dějiny starověku MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Čína MeSH
• Indie MeSH
• starověké země MeSH