BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder; understanding the pathogenic mechanisms underlying diabetes is crucial. Analyzing biomarkers, supported by machine learning and bioinformatics, is crucial for identifying the molecular causes of diabetes. OBJECTIVE: This study summarizes the current advances in diabetes research, highlighting significant progress in bioinformatics, gene expression analysis, and machine learning. METHODS: The search was conducted in Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus using two sets of keywords, including terms like diabetes, biomarkers, bioinformatics, and machine learning. The selection process followed PRISMA guidelines. The inclusion criteria targeted open-access English articles published from 2020 to 2024, resulting in a final selection of 96 articles. RESULTS: The findings were grouped into six categories: data acquisition methods, complications, bioinformatics techniques, machine learning methods, promotion, and evaluation. Microarrays were the most frequent technique for data collection, with 70 occurrences. The most common bioinformatics method was KEGG pathway analysis (84 instances). The most frequently used machine learning techniques were LASSO (43) and PCA (47). Prognostic applications were reported 45 times, while diagnostic applications appeared 51 times. CONCLUSION: Recent studies have highlighted the importance of KEGG pathway analysis and microarray datasets in diabetes research. Newer technologies, such as RNA-seq and single-cell RNA-seq, remain underutilized despite significant advancements in their development. A greater focus on novel biological pathways, the development of biomarkers, and a more comprehensive application of machine learning techniques could all aid in personalized treatment for diabetes. Future research should aim to overcome technological limitations and integrate clinical data with bioinformatics workflows to enhance translational relevance and promote precision medicine.
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- přehledy MeSH
Soft tissue sarcomas are therapeutically challenging. Among soft tissue sarcoma subtypes, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) exhibits one of the most pronounced disparities between its comparatively higher responsiveness to immunotherapy and its limited responsiveness to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy. The interplay between immunotherapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy is still largely unknown. Interferon-γ (IFNγ) is a key player in antitumor immunity and contributes to the modulation of the tumor microenvironment, which impacts both immune and cancer cells. The mechanism by which this interplay can affect cancer cell chemosensitivity and immune sensitivity is difficult to predict. The present study aimed to investigate the interplay of IFNγ signaling in the UPS cell line JBT19. It was identified that IFNγ treatment significantly decreased the proliferation of JBT19 cells and increased the surface expression levels of cluster of differentiation (CD)44, CD47, CD95 (Fas), major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). In addition, IFNγ strongly upregulated surface expression levels of MHC-II and converted JBT19 cells into docetaxel-resistant cells. The IFNγ-induced changes were sustained but reversible after 3 weeks of cell culture without IFNγ. Regardless of IFNγ treatment, JBT19 cells could elicit and amplify the adaptive immune response in vitro. The in vitro JBT19-reactive lymphocytes effectively eliminated both IFNγ-treated and non-treated JBT19 cells, thus overcoming IFNγ-induced chemoresistance. To the best of our knowledge, the present study demonstrated a dual role of IFNγ towards cancer cell chemoresistance and immunostimulatory potential for the first time. The present study findings may have potential implications for combining immunotherapy with cytotoxic chemotherapy in cancer treatment in the future.
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INTRODUCTION: Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a rare autoimmune disorder of the peripheral nervous system. While some patients with CIDP respond to standard-of-care treatments, a significant proportion remains refractory or has partial response. Evidence on the disease burden of this patient group is limited. This retrospective study aimed to analyze the demographics, clinical characteristics, and healthcare resource use of patients with CIDP in the United States, focusing on those who switched therapies within 2 years of initiating first-line treatment (LOT1). METHODS: Integrated data from the Optum® de-identified Market Clarity dataset were used to identify adults diagnosed with CIDP from 2008-2020. RESULTS: The CIDP cohort included 1942 treated patients (54% male, 75% aged ≥ 50 years). LOT1 included immunoglobulins (43%), corticosteroids (32%), combination of immunoglobulins and corticosteroids (11%), immunosuppressants (10%), and plasma exchange (5%). Within 2 years, 31% patients switched to second-line treatment (LOT2). The median time to switch from LOT1 to LOT2 was 5.6 months. Within 2 years after initiating LOT1, 92% patients had outpatient visits and 40% were hospitalized. Patients who switched treatments had more healthcare visits than those who did not switch (45.3 vs. 35.3/year). CONCLUSION: Approximately one-third of the patients switched to a new treatment within 2 years after starting treatment, which could be partly due to limited efficacy of therapies in LOT1. The decrease in treatment duration after LOT1 may suggest limited utility of subsequent therapies. Frequent treatment changes and increased healthcare encounters in this subgroup highlight significant unmet needs in CIDP.
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BACKGROUND: Exercise therapy improves glycemic control and reduces cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, access to professionally supervised programs is limited, particularly for older adults. Home-based, weather-independent, exercise options have yet to be investigated in detail. OBJECTIVE: The present study examined the effects of a self-directed, low-to-moderate intensity dance exercise program performed at home on glycemic control and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in older adults with T2D. METHODS: In this single-arm, intervention study, 20 elderly patients with T2D (median age, 70.5 years) participated in a standardized, unsupervised, home-based, aerobic dance program ("DaredeMo Dance") for at least 20 min per day for 12 weeks. The program was designed to be of low-to-moderate intensity, namely < 4 metabolic equivalents (METs). Primary outcomes were changes in HbA1c, glycoalbumin (GA), and HRQOL (assessed using SF-36v2). Secondary outcomes included body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), and fasting plasma glucose (FPG). RESULTS: After 12 weeks, significant improvements were observed in BMI (23.4 to 23.2 kg/m2, P = 0.002), systolic BP (134.0 to 125.0 mmHg, P = 0.004), diastolic BP (72.0 to 67.5 mmHg, P = 0.040), HbA1c (7.3 to 7.0%, P = 0.0012), and FPG (150 to 140 mg/dL, P = 0.034). HRQOL improved in all eight domains of SF-36v2, with significant improvements in Bodily Pain, General Health, Vitality, and Mental Health. CONCLUSIONS: A standardized, indoor, low-to-moderate intensity, dance program improved glycemic control and HRQOL in older adults with T2D. This approach offers a safe, accessible, and sustainable exercise option for those with limited access to professional guidance. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13340-025-00854-6.
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AIMS/INTRODUCTION: Glucagon plays a pivotal role in the development of hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that hyperglucagonemia based on measurements of pancreas-specific glucagon is present in diabetic ketosis/ketoacidosis (DK/DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), and if so, to explore factors contributing to that hyperglucagonemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 109 patients (92 with DK/DKA, and 17 with HHS) were investigated. Pancreas-specific glucagon levels were measured with a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at treatment initiation. The relationships of plasma glucagon levels, serum ketone bodies levels, and endogenous insulin secretion were assessed. The change in plasma glucagon levels after treatment was also assessed. RESULTS: The median plasma glucagon level was significantly higher in the HHS group (142.9 pg/mL) than in the DK/DKA group (63.6 pg/mL). In the DK/DKA group, the plasma glucagon level was positively correlated with the serum ketone bodies level (ρ = 0.55, P < 0.0001), but there was no correlation in the HHS group. In the DK/DKA group, a negative correlation was seen between the plasma glucagon level and the serum C-peptide immunoreactivity (CPR)/plasma glucose ratio in type 1 diabetes patients (n = 26) (ρ = - 0.67, P = 0.0002). In the HHS group, a positive correlation was seen between the plasma glucagon level and the serum CPR/plasma glucose ratio (ρ = 0.71, P = 0.0013). The plasma glucagon level was significantly lower after treatment in both the DK/DKA and HHS groups. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperglucagonemia was found in DK/DKA and HHS with pancreas-specific glucagon measurements. The results suggest that the causes of hyperglucagonemia differ in DK/DKA due to type 1 diabetes mellitus and HHS. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13340-025-00852-8.
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UNLABELLED: This study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of Panax notoginseng-Bletilla striata (PN-BS) in reflux esophagitis (RE) and its molecular mechanism. Using the '4.2 mm pyloric clamp + 2/3 fundoplication' method, a rat model of RE was developed. RE cell model was established by exposing HET-1 A (esophageal epithelial cells) to bile salt. Esophageal mucosal injury was observed by HE staining, and epithelial barrier dysfunction was assessed using Toluidine blue staining. HET-1 A cell viability was measured by CCK-8. Inflammatory factors in tissues and cells were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Claudin-4, Claudin-5, NLRP3, cleaved-caspase-1, p-p38 MAPK, and p38 MAPK protein levels were detected by Western blot. PN-BS attenuated esophageal mucosal injury and inflammation and improved esophageal barrier dysfunction in RE rats. Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS, the main active ingredient of PN) and Bletilla striata polysaccharides (BSP, the main active ingredient of BS) attenuated acid and bile salt-induced esophageal barrier dysfunction. PNS and BSP inhibited NLRP3 inflammasomes and p38 MAPK pathway activation. An inhibitor of NLRP3 inflammasomes (MCC950) or an inhibitor of the p38 MAPK pathway (SB203580) further enhanced the ameliorative effects of PNS and BSP. PN-BS reduces esophageal barrier dysfunction by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes and p38 MAPK pathway, thereby improving RE. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10616-025-00858-9.
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Stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing is used for the fabrication of PDMS microfluidics. Moulds with a system of stretched filaments are made using SLA, which are filled with a polymerisation mixture and the PDMS is left to thermally cure. Subsequently, the mould is removed, the fibres are pulled out and the inner channels of microfluidics are surface treated by ozonisation. The proposed process can be used to fabricate two-, three-, four-, and multi-way couplings, mixers, or flow gating interfaces (FGI), which find applications in CE and in the laboratory treatment of microliter sample volumes. The PDMS microfluidics ensures easy connection of capillaries and tubing in a wide range of sizes and the internal diameters of the channels can be continuously varied from a few millimetres up to a minimum size of 100 μm. The microfluidics connection to the capillaries is watertight and tested for pressures up to 56.7 kPa. In addition, the integrated PDMS microfluidics is used as a cross-FGI to construct an on-line connection of the flow-through sampling technique with the CE instrument, which is fully automated, software controlled and fills a gap in the market with CE instruments. The coupling is tested for sequential analysis of a mixture of Gly and Ala and also in combination with microdialysis of human serum. The proposed fabrication process is characterized by rapid prototyping and is designed for mass production.
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A bullet thrombus, characterized as an isolated calcified thrombus predominantly localized at the confluence of the renal veins in the inferior vena cava, is a rare clinical finding more commonly seen in pediatric patients than adults. The aetiology of bullet thrombi remains unclear. This report describes a 44-year-old female diagnosed with a bullet thrombus in the inferior vena cava, detailing the challenges encountered and the surgical intervention. The presence of a calcified thrombus in this region is typically an incidental discovery and complicates therapeutic decision-making, as there are currently no established guidelines due to the condition's rarity.
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- kazuistiky MeSH
Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) has evolved from an experimental concept into a validated reconstructive option for patients with complex tissue defects. With established success in hand and face transplantation and expanding applications in uterus, penis, and abdominal wall transplants, VCA offers superior functional, esthetic, and psychosocial outcomes compared to traditional reconstruction. However, its broader adoption is limited by immunosuppression requirements and related sequelae, donor scarcity, and reimbursement challenges. This article reviews the clinical status, comparative effectiveness, and future challenges of VCA, emphasizing the need for continued research, standardization, and institutional support to integrate VCA into routine surgical practice.
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- lidé MeSH
- vaskularizovaná kompozitní alotransplantace * metody trendy MeSH
- zákroky plastické chirurgie * metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
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