BACKGROUND: Vaccine efficacy (VE) assessed in a randomized controlled clinical trial can be affected by demographic, clinical, and other subject-specific characteristics evaluated as baseline covariates. Understanding the effect of covariates on efficacy is key to decisions by vaccine developers and public health authorities. METHODS: This work evaluates the impact of including correlate of protection (CoP) data in logistic regression on its performance in identifying statistically and clinically significant covariates in settings typical for a vaccine phase 3 trial. The proposed approach uses CoP data and covariate data as predictors of clinical outcome (diseased versus non-diseased) and is compared to logistic regression (without CoP data) to relate vaccination status and covariate data to clinical outcome. RESULTS: Clinical trial simulations, in which the true relationship between CoP data and clinical outcome probability is a sigmoid function, show that use of CoP data increases the positive predictive value for detection of a covariate effect. If the true relationship is characterized by a decreasing convex function, use of CoP data does not substantially change positive or negative predictive value. In either scenario, vaccine efficacy is estimated more precisely (i.e., confidence intervals are narrower) in covariate-defined subgroups if CoP data are used, implying that using CoP data increases the ability to determine clinical significance of baseline covariate effects on efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: This study proposes and evaluates a novel approach for assessing baseline demographic covariates potentially affecting VE. Results show that the proposed approach can sensitively and specifically identify potentially important covariates and provides a method for evaluating their likely clinical significance in terms of predicted impact on vaccine efficacy. It shows further that inclusion of CoP data can enable more precise VE estimation, thus enhancing study power and/or efficiency and providing even better information to support health policy and development decisions.
- MeSH
- Demography statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic statistics & numerical data methods MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Logistic Models MeSH
- Computer Simulation MeSH
- Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic statistics & numerical data methods MeSH
- Vaccine Efficacy * statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Vaccination statistics & numerical data methods MeSH
- Vaccines therapeutic use MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
Cíl: Cílem této studie je prozkoumat vliv sociodemografických a klinických dat na míru deprese a úzkosti u pacientek s karcinomem podstupujících radioterapii. Materiál a metody: Do této studie bylo zahrnuto 111 pacientek s karcinomem prsu léčených na oddělení radiační onkologie nemocnice Kayseri City Education and Research Hospital. Studie byla plánována prospektivně jako studie založená na průzkumu. Byl získán souhlas etické komise. Po získání potřebného souhlasu s dobrovolnou účastí ve studii byly s pacientkami vedeny individuální („face-to-face“) rozhovory. Průzkum zahrnoval škálu Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) a také demografické a klinické informace. U shromážděných dat byla provedena statistická analýza. Výsledky: Podle výsledků analýzy rozptylu opakovaných měření byl zjištěn statisticky významný průměrný rozdíl mezi hodnotami na škále deprese zjištěnými po 3 a 6 měsících a hodnotami získanými v první den radioterapie (p < 0,001). V případě úzkosti byly zjištěny statisticky významné průměrné rozdíly u proměnných jako je věk a rodinný stav a v případě deprese u proměnných jako je věk, dosažené vzdělání, rodinný stav, zaměstnání, výskyt rakoviny v rodinné anamnéze, menopauza, operace, chemoterapie a hormonální terapie. Když byla zkoumána změna ve výskytu (škála deprese > 10) nebo absenci (škála deprese < 10) deprese ve třech různých časech radioterapie (první den, 3 měsíce a 6 měsíců), mezi hodnotami na škále deprese u pacientek léčených radioterapií zjištěných první den radioterapie a 3 a 6 měsíců po radioterapii byl zjištěn statisticky významný rozdíl (p < 0,05). Závěr: Podle výsledků naší studie bylo psychické zdraví žen s karcinomem prsu ovlivněno během radioterapie i po ní. U pacientek, u kterých se během léčby karcinomu prsu vyskytne úzkost nebo deprese, by tedy mělo být zváženo začlenění psychiatrického poradenství do léčby.
Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of sociodemographic and clinical data on depression and anxiety levels in patients who undergoing radiotherapy for breast cancer. Materials and methods: A total of 111 patients with breast cancer treated in the Radiation Oncology Department of Kayseri City Education and Research Hospital were included in this study. The study was planned prospectively as a survey research based study. Ethics committee approval was obtained. After obtaining the necessary consent for voluntary participation, patients were interviewed face-to-face. The research survey included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), as well as demographic and clinical information. Statistical analysis was performed with the collected data. Results: According to the results of repeated measures analysis of variance, the mean difference between the 3-month and 6-month measurements of the depression scale values on the first day of radiotherapy was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Mean differences were statistically notable for age and marital status variables in anxiety and for age, education level, marital status, employment status, family history of cancer, menopause, surgery, chemotherapy and hormone therapy variables in depression. When the change in the presence (> 10 depression scale) or absence (< 10 depression scale) of depression at three different times of radiotherapy (first day, 3 and 6 months) was examined, a statistically notable difference was found between the depression scale values of patients receiving radiotherapy on the first day, 3 months after radiotherapy and 6 months after radiotherapy (P < 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of our study, the psychological health of women with breast cancer was affected during and after radiotherapy. As a response, psychiatric counseling should be considered as a part of the treatment for depression and anxiety that occur during and after treatment in breast cancer patients.
- MeSH
- Data Analysis MeSH
- Demography statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Depression * etiology psychology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Breast Neoplasms * psychology therapy MeSH
- Prospective Studies MeSH
- Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
- Psychiatric Status Rating Scales statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Radiotherapy psychology MeSH
- Anxiety etiology psychology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
V posledních letech se můžeme v gerontologické literatuře setkat s novými termíny reflektujícím jevy nové či nově sledované. Mezi tyto termíny patří tzv. „SuperAging“. Tato stať seznamuje čtenáře s obsahem termínu ve dvou hlavních souvislostech: 1) v rámci společnosti – sociologie a demografie, 2) v rámci neuropsychologie a kognitivního stárnutí jedinců. Cílem je rozšířit tyto pojmy a jejich obsah mezi českou psychologickou obec.
Novel terms have been introduced in gerontology, reflecting new or newly observed phenomena. „SuperAging“ is one of those terms. This text introduces its content to the readers in the main areas of interest: 1) societal view of sociology and demography, 2) neuropsychology and cognitive ageing of individuals. Our goal is to make the aspects of SuperAgeing familiar to Czech psychologists.
- MeSH
- Demography statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Longevity MeSH
- Geriatrics trends MeSH
- Cognition MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Aging * psychology MeSH
- Statistics as Topic MeSH
- Terminology as Topic MeSH
- Age Factors MeSH
- Life Style MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Review MeSH
Abandoning daylight saving time in Europe raises the topical issue of proper setting of yearlong social time, which needs mapping of various socio-demographic factors, including chronotype, in specific geographic regions. This study represents the first detailed large scale chronotyping in the Czech Republic based on data collected in the complex panel socio-demographic survey in households (total 8760 respondents) and the socio-physiological survey, in which chronotyped participants also provided blood samples (n = 1107). Chronotype assessment based on sleep phase (MCTQ questions and/or time-use diary) correlated with a self-assessed interval of best alertness. The mean chronotype of the Czech population defined as mid sleep phase (MSFsc) was 3.13 ± 0.02 h. Chronotype exhibited significant east-to-westward, north-to-southward, and settlement size-dependent gradients and was associated with age, sex, partnership, and time spent outdoors as previously demonstrated. Moreover, for subjects younger than 40 years, childcare was highly associated with earlier chronotype, while dog care was associated with later chronotype. Body mass index correlated with later chronotype in women whose extreme chronotype was also associated with lower plasma levels of protective HDL cholesterol. Based on the chronotype prevalence the results favour yearlong Standard Time as the best choice for this geographic region.
- MeSH
- Time Factors MeSH
- Chronobiology Discipline statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Circadian Clocks physiology MeSH
- Demography statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Photoperiod * MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Surveys and Questionnaires statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Sex Factors MeSH
- Sleep physiology MeSH
- Age Factors MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
The study examined the nutritional status and wellbeing of older persons in Oredo and the Orhionmwon Local Government Area of Edo State. It was aimed at looking at the relationship between food intake, dietary intake and nutritional status of older persons. A total of one hundred and forty five respondents were used for the study through a mix method approach. The body weight, height and grip strength were measured, and the Mini Nutritional Assessment questionnaire was used to collect the nutritional data. We observed from the findings that 56% of the respondents eat three times daily, and the daily calorie intake from food composition was low due to limited milk use and dairy products. This study concludes that nutritional vulnerability includes good nutritional status and diet quality, and sufficient protein and micronutrient intakes are essential for the health and well-being of older people. The study recommends that the government should strengthen the elderly financial base through a social welfare system and the provision of food banks for older people.
- MeSH
- Demography statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Geriatric Assessment * methods statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Nutrition Assessment MeSH
- Body Mass Index MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Nutritional Status * MeSH
- Malnutrition epidemiology MeSH
- Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
- Aged, 80 and over MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Socioeconomic Factors MeSH
- Check Tag
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Aged, 80 and over MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Publication type
- Observational Study MeSH
- Geographicals
- Nigeria MeSH
Aim:The purpose of the study was to identify the most common workplace stressors and most frequently used coping strategies among Slovak midwives, as well as the relationships between work place stressors, coping strategies, and demographic characteristics. Design: Quantitative cross-sectional study.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted with the research sample, which consisted of 100 midwives (females, age 37.91 ± 11.03). The Brief COPE questionnaire and Expanded Nursing Stress Scale were used. Descriptive statistic, Kruskal-Wallis Test, Student’s t-test, and Pearson’s Correlation Analysis were employed.Results: Death and dying, conflicts with doctors, and workload were the most cited stressors. Active coping, acceptance, and using instrumental support were the most frequently used coping strategies. Midwives used both problem-focused and emotion-focused strategies when dealing with work-related stressors. Conclusion:Since emotion-focused strategies are considered maladaptive in the long term, intervention strategies and education programs helping midwives in theuse of positive forms of adaptive problem-focused coping would be beneficial.
- MeSH
- Adaptation, Psychological classification MeSH
- Midwifery MeSH
- Demography statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Emotions MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Nurse Midwives * psychology statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Occupational Stress * psychology MeSH
- Cross-Sectional Studies MeSH
- Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
- Death MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Geographicals
- Slovakia MeSH
There are few studies from East and Central European countries on health-status, lifestyle and social circumstances of medical professionals. We evaluated data of a cohort of physicians who had graduated 30 years ago in Hungary and compared the data of their professional carrier, life style, health outcomes, and medical specialties. Questionnaires compiled by an expert group and filled in by 208 physicians (83 men and 125 women) were analysed. Men mostly work as surgeons, women were mostly employed as primary care specialists. Women changed their specialty and/or place of work more often than men. Male primary care physicians had more children than women and others specialists. At graduation, most of them had a normal BMI. Since then, a significant increase in weight and BMI was observed in both genders and across all specialty groups. The largest increase in body weight and BMI (mean 5.27) was recorded among female primary care physicians. Recorded physical activity was low in general, with male primary care specialists being most active and female primary care physicians the least. Female doctors in surgical specialties had longer resting time. Male physicians rarely participated in regular health screenings. The incidence of hypertension was higher than the Hungarian national average for that age. About 5% of primary care physicians identified themselves as regular smokers. Abstinence and regular daily alcohol consumption were reported in equal ratio. Burn-out symptoms were rarely experienced. This generation had started its medical profession before the significant progressive changes in the medicine occurred in the last decades. While physicians do not always follow their own professional advices, their lifestyle proved a little bit healthier than that of the population at large, especially for women and their health outcomes, except hypertension, were also better. In general, they were not satisfied with the financial and working conditions of the recent Hungarian healthcare system.
- MeSH
- Exercise MeSH
- Demography statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Body Mass Index MeSH
- Physicians statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Medicine statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Morbidity * MeSH
- Job Satisfaction MeSH
- Aging MeSH
- Health Behavior MeSH
- Health Status MeSH
- Life Style * MeSH
- Check Tag
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Hungary MeSH
