Úvod: Volkmannova ischemická kontraktura (VIK) je závažné a invalidizující poranění zapříčiněné nekrózou tkání v důsledku omezeného prokrvení končetiny. V průběhu let se VIK stala v prostředí rozvinutých zemí vzácnou jednotkou s mnoha rozdílnými etiologiemi. Vysoký výskyt rozvinuté VIK v naší klinické praxi v Nepálu byl velmi alarmující, a proto jsme provedli podrobnou analýzu k popsání celé problematiky. Metody: V průběhu šesti let jsme nasbírali vzorek 47 případů VIK, u kterých jsme zaznamenali věk, pohlaví, příčinu VIK, místo primárního ošetření dobu trvání a závažnost. Následně jsme srovnali tyto charakteristiky napříč nepálskými provinciemi a vytvořili mapu problematických regionů. Výsledky: Z celkového počtu 47 případů, šlo 46 předejít včasným ošetřením. Nejčastější příčinou byla příliš těsná sádrová fixace v 25 případech (53,19 %) následována neúmyslně způsobeným sebepoškozením pacientem aplikováním příliš těsného obvazu v 21 případech (44,68 %). Většina případů byla způsobena v provincii č. 6 (29,78 %). V našem vzorku byly 3 lehké případy (6,4 %), 35 středně závažných (74,5 %) a 9 závažných (19,1 %). Pouze ve 14 případech (19,78 %) byla provedena včasná fasciotomie. Závěr: VIK je v prostředí rozvojových zemí snadno předejitelná komplikace kompartment syndrome. Pozornost by měla být směřována především k prevenci – v našem vzorku šlo předejít 97,87 % případů kvalitní primární péčí. V prostředí Nepálu vzniká nejvíce VIK v provincii č. 6 a č. 3.

Introduction: Volkmann’s ischaemic contracture (VIC) is a disabling condition resulting from tissue necrosis due to impaired vascular supply to the limb. Over the years VIC has become rare in developed countries with many different aetiologies described. It was alarming to have high incidence of established VIC in our practice in Nepal. A detailed analysis was conducted to accurately describe this issue. Methods: We collected 47 cases of VIC over six years and noted the age, sex, district of origin and cause of VIC, duration of injury to presentation, and the grade of VIC. Then we compared these characteristics of VIC of each Nepal province and created a map to show the problematic regions. Results: Out of 47 patients, 46 could have been prevented by an early treatment. The most common cause was a tight cast in 25 patients (53.19%), followed by unintentionally self-caused VIC by applying tight bandages in 21 patients (44.68%). Most cases came from province 6 (29.78%). Our group included three mild (6.4%), 35 moderate (74.5%) and nine severe (19.1%) cases of VIC. Only 14 cases (29.78%) had a timely fasciotomy in the past. Conclusion: VIC is an irreversible complication of the compartment syndrome which is an easily preventable condition in the setting of developing countries. Our focus should, therefore, aim at preventing such disastrous conditions as 97.87% of cases we encountered could have been avoided by proper primary care. In the case of Nepal most cases came from province 6 and province 3.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• epidemiologické studie MeSH
• externí fixátory škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• ischemická kontraktura * chirurgie   epidemiologie   etiologie   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• poškození pacienta škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• rozvojové země MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Nepál MeSH

S rozvolněním protiepidemických opatření, která lze očekávat v jarních a letních měsících, a předpokládaným opětovným nárůstem cestování považujeme za přínosné shrnout aktuální informace o současné situaci výskytu cholery ve světě. Cholera je endemická v řadě zemí světa, zejména v Asii a Africe. V souvislosti s pandemií covid-19 a zhoršující se socioekonomickou situací se její výskyt v některých oblastech významně zvýšil. V zemích Evropské Unie a Evropského hospodářského prostoru se vyskytují jen ojedinělé případy onemocnění cholerou, jedná se především o importy ze zemí s výskytem cholery.

With the relaxation of anti-epidemic measures expected in the spring and summer months and the anticipated resurgence of travel, we find it useful to summarize the current situation of cholera. Cholera is endemic in many countries of the world, particularly in Asia and Africa. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and the worsening socioeconomic situation, its incidence has increased significantly in some areas. Only sporadic cases of cholera have been reported in the European Union and European Economic Area countries, which are mainly imports from endemic countries.

• MeSH
• cholera * dějiny   epidemiologie   přenos   MeSH
• cholerové vakcíny terapeutické užití   MeSH
• gastroenteritida mikrobiologie   MeSH
• hlášení nemocí MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• kontrola infekčních nemocí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• přenos infekční nemoci MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Afghánistán MeSH
• Bangladéš MeSH
• Benin MeSH
• Haiti MeSH
• Indie MeSH
• Jemen MeSH
• Kamerun MeSH
• Keňa MeSH
• Mali MeSH
• Mosambik MeSH
• Nepál MeSH
• Niger MeSH
• Nigérie MeSH
• Tanzanie MeSH

High-altitude exposure leads to many physiological challenges, such as weight loss and dehydration. However, little attention has been posed to the role of nutrition and ethnic differences. Aiming to fulfill this gap, five Italian trekkers and seven Nepalese porters, all males, recorded their diet in diaries during a Himalayan expedition (19 days), and the average daily intake of micro and macro-nutrients were calculated. Bioimpedance analysis was performed five times during the trek; muscle ultrasound was performed before and after the expedition, only for the Italians. The Nepalese group consumed a lot of rice and only Italians consumed cheese. Water intake was slightly over 3000 g/d for both groups. Nepalese diet had a higher density of dietary fibre and lower density of riboflavin, vitamins A, K, and B12. Intake of calcium was lower than recommended levels. Body mass index, waist circumference, fat-free mass, and total body water decreased in both groups, whereas resistance (Rz) increased. Italians reactance (Xc) increased at day 9, whereas that of Nepalese occurred at days 5, 9, and 16. The cross-sectional area of the Vastus lateralis was reduced after the expedition. Specific nutritional and food-related risk factors guidance is needed for diverse expedition groups. Loss of muscle mass and balance of fluids both deserve a particular focus as concerns altitude expeditions.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• energetický příjem fyziologie   MeSH
• horolezectví fyziologie   MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nadmořská výška MeSH
• nutriční stav * fyziologie   MeSH
• obvod pasu MeSH
• pití fyziologie   MeSH
• přijímání potravy fyziologie   MeSH
• složení těla * fyziologie   MeSH
• tělesná voda fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Itálie MeSH
• Nepál MeSH

Traditional knowledge on the use of animal products to maintain human health is important since time immemorial. Although a few studies reported food and medicinal values of different animals, a comprehensive ethno-medicinal study of vertebrates in Nepal is still lacking. Thus, present study is aimed at documenting the ethno-medicinal knowledge related to vertebrate fauna among different ethnic communities in the Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape, central Nepal. Data was collected by using semi-structured questionnaires and analyzed by using Use Value (UV), Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) and Fidelity level (FL). Results showed a total of 58 (53 wild and 5 domestic) species of vertebrate animals. They were used to treat 62 types human ailments. Four animals were also used for veterinary diseases and agriculture benefits. The most widely used species was Felis chaus (UV = 0.25) with 3 use-reports by 10 informants. Cardiovascular and dental problems had the highest ICF value (0.974) with cardiovascular problems having 351 use-reports for 10 animal species and dental problems having 77 use-reports for 3 animal species. The least ICF was found in ophthalmological problems (ICF = 0.833, use reports = 7 for 2 species). We concluded that the different animals were an important part of traditional medicine for the local people living in the Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape. However, the majority of animals and most likely to be threatened due to their uses. The present documented ethnozoological knowledge can be used in conservation and management of vertebrates so that they could be protected for future generations.

• MeSH
• biologické přípravky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• etnofarmakologie * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• obratlovci MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• tradiční orientální medicína MeSH
• venkovské obyvatelstvo MeSH
• zdraví - znalosti, postoje, praxe etnologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Nepál MeSH

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Pennell) Hong is important medicinal plant that is native to the eastern Himalayas and Hengduan mountains in China. It is also distributed in Nepal, north east India, Bhutan and northern Myanmar. Plant parts are traditionally used against different kinds of diseases and various compounds present in different plant parts are also effective against many diseases. Thus, N. scrophulariiflora has a high potential to maintain human health. AIM OF THE REVIEW: Although N. scrophulariiflora is very important and widely studied plant species but there is no comprehensive up-to-date review of published and unpublished literature. So, in the present article we have compiled and critically commented on the botanical characteristics, traditional uses, plant growth and cultivation, micropropagation, conservation status, secondary metabolites, pharmacology and toxicity of the plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Extensive literature searches both electronic online databases (Google Scholar, Scopus, Springer Link, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, PubMed, ChemSpider, USPTO, Google patents and Espacenet) and library visits in Nepal were carried out to collect the literature on information published prior to April 2019. RESULTS: N. scrophulariiflora was traditionally used for 82 ailments/diseases. There are 124 major phytochemicals extracted from the plant. Several compounds are effective in bioactivity. Pharmacologically, the plant is proved to be anti-atherosclerotic, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory in-vivo studies, and antimicrobial, antimalarial, antioxidative, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory and nerve growth factor potentiating from in-vitro studies. Renal improvement activities were confirmed from both in-vivo and in-vitro studies. Toxicological tests and a single clinical trial in human beings have supported the notion that the plant is not poisonous but beneficial for curing wide ranges of diseases. CONCLUSION: N. scrophulariiflora is valuable medicinal plant that can serve as promising source of non-harmful and potential medicinal herbal remedies for human beings.

• MeSH
• etnofarmakologie * MeSH
• jitrocelovité chemie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• tradiční lékařství metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Bhútán MeSH
• Čína MeSH
• Indie MeSH
• Myanmar MeSH
• Nepál MeSH

Here we report the comprehensive characterization of the secondary metabolites from the leaves of Colebrookea oppositifolia Smith, a species used as medicinal plant in the traditional medicine of Nepal. Phytochemical screening of bioactives was performed using an integrated LC-MSn and high resolution MS (Mass Spectrometry) approach. Forty-three compounds were tentatively identified, mainly aglyconic and glycosilated flavonoids and phenolic acids, as well as other bioactives such as coumarins and terpenes were detected. Furthermore, the NF-κB and AP-1 inhibitory activity of C. oppositifolia extract were evaluated, as well as its cytotoxicity against THP-1 cells, in order to assess the potential use of this herb as a source of anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic compounds. The results so far obtained indicate that C. oppositifolia leaves extract could significantly reduce the viability of THP-1 cells (IC50 = 6.2 ± 1.2 µg/mL), as well as the activation of both NF-κB and AP-1 at the concentration of 2 μg/mL. Our results indicate that Nepalese C. oppositifolia is a valuable source of anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic compounds. The phytochemical composition reported here can partially justify the traditional uses of C. oppositifolia in Nepal, especially in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, although further research will be needed to assess the full potential of this species.

• MeSH
• antiflogistika izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   toxicita   MeSH
• chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
• flavonoidy analýza   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• hluchavkovité metabolismus   MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• hydroxybenzoáty analýza   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• léčivé rostliny metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• listy rostlin metabolismus   MeSH
• metabolom MeSH
• methanol MeSH
• NF-kappa B antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty chemie   izolace a purifikace   farmakologie   toxicita   MeSH
• THP-1 buňky MeSH
• transkripční faktor AP-1 antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Nepál MeSH

• MeSH
• horolezectví * MeSH
• výšková nemoc MeSH
• Publikační typ
• biografie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Nepál MeSH

• O autorovi
• Hillary, Edmund, 1919-2008 Autorita

The Agrilus vittatus species-group comprising fifteen species from the Oriental region is defined and revised. A key to species is provided and complemented with illustrations of habitus and genitalia. Five new species are described: Agrilus acacivorus sp. nov. (Myanmar); A. albizivorus sp. nov. (North India, Nepal); A. coco sp. nov. (Philippines); A. monadikos sp. nov. (Laos) and A. occultus sp. nov. (Laos, Thailand). Seven new junior subjective synonyms are proposed for following taxa: Agrilus babaulti Théry, 1930 (= bonadonai Descarpentries Villiers, 1963 syn.nov.); A. terraereginae Blackburn, 1892 (= deerratus Curletti, 2006 syn.nov.) and A. viridicupreus Saunders, 1866 (= cylindratus Kerremans, 1896 syn.nov., = albizziae Fisher, 1935 syn.nov., = javicola Fisher, 1935 syn.nov., = cariosulus Obenberger, 1935 syn.nov., = theodasae Baudon, 1968 syn.nov.).

• MeSH
• anatomické struktury zvířat MeSH
• brouci * MeSH
• rozšíření zvířat MeSH
• velikost těla MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Filipíny MeSH
• Indie MeSH
• Laos MeSH
• Myanmar MeSH
• Nepál MeSH
• Thajsko MeSH

Hypericum japonicum Thunb. ex Murray is traditionally used in Nepal to treat several diseases, among whom inflammation and acute pain. Although several secondary metabolites from the same Hypericum species have been already characterized and considered for their pharmacological use, an exhaustive phytochemical characterization of H. japonicum from Nepal is lacking, as well as the assessment of its potential pharmacological properties. Hence, the aims of this study were the characterization of a methanolic extract of H. japonicum (HJME) collected from the Northern region of Nepal by LC-MSn and UPLC-QTOF. The assessment of in vitro inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factors and HJME's cytotoxic effect on human cell lines was performed to evaluate the potential use of this herb as a source of anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic lead compounds. Fifty-seven phytoconstituents were identified, being mainly flavonoids, phloroglucinols, phenolic acids and xanthones. Although compounds characteristic of H. japonicum were detected (quercetin, quercetin-7-O-α-l-rhamnoside, quercitrin and hyperoside), several others are here reported for the first time in this species. The results from bioassays indicated that HJME could significantly reduce the viability of human THP-1 cells (IC50 = 5.4 ± 1.1 μg mL-1), showing the promising potential of HJME as anti-tumor agent. Furthermore, HJME significantly decreased the activation of both NF-κB and AP-1 at the concentration of 2 μg mL-1. Overall, these data suggest that H. japonicum from Nepal could be used as a source of potential natural anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor lead compounds.

• MeSH
• antiflogistika farmakologie   MeSH
• antitumorózní látky farmakologie   MeSH
• biotest MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
• flavonoidy farmakologie   MeSH
• floroglucinol farmakologie   MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
• hydroxybenzoáty farmakologie   MeSH
• inhibiční koncentrace 50 MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• NF-kappa B - podjednotka p50 antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• rostlinné extrakty farmakologie   MeSH
• THP-1 buňky MeSH
• transkripční faktor AP-1 antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• třezalka chemie   MeSH
• viabilita buněk MeSH
• xantony farmakologie   MeSH
• zánět MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Nepál MeSH

Visual attractiveness and rarity often results in large carnivores being adopted as flagship species for stimulating conservation awareness. Their hunting behaviour and prey selection can affect the population dynamics of their prey, which in turn affects the population dynamics of these large carnivores. Therefore, our understanding of their trophic ecology and foraging strategies is important for predicting their population dynamics and consequently for developing effective conservation programs. Here we concentrate on an endangered species of carnivores, the snow leopard, in the Himalayas. Most previous studies on snow leopard diet lack information on prey availability and/or did not genetically check, whether the identification of snow leopard scats is correct, as their scats are similar to those of other carnivores. We studied the prey of snow leopard in three Himalayan regions in Nepal (Sagarmatha National Park (SNP), Lower Mustang (LM) and Upper Manang (UM) in the Annapurna Conservation Area, during winter and summer in 2014-2016. We collected 268 scats along 139.3 km linear transects, of which 122 were genetically confirmed to belong to snow leopard. Their diet was identified by comparing hairs in scats with our reference collection of the hairs of potential prey. We determined prey availability using 32-48 camera-traps and 4,567 trap nights. In the SNP, the most frequent prey in snow leopard faeces was the Himalayan tahr in both winter and summer. In LM and UM, its main prey was blue sheep in winter, but yak and goat in summer. In terms of relative biomass consumed, yak was the main prey everywhere in both seasons. Snow leopard preferred large prey and avoided small prey in summer but not in winter, with regional differences. It preferred domestic to wild prey only in winter, and in SNP. Unlike most other studies carried out in the same area, our study uses genetic methods for identifying the source of the scat. Studies solely based on visual identification of samples may be strongly biased. Diet studies based on frequency of occurrence of prey tend to overestimate the importance of small prey, which may be consumed more often, but contribute less energy than large prey. However, even assessments based on prey biomass are unlikely to be accurate as we do not know whether the actual size of the prey consumed corresponds to the average size used to calculate the biomass eaten. For example, large adults may be too difficult to catch and therefore mostly young animals are consumed, whose weight is much lower. We show that snow leopard consumes a diverse range of prey, which varies both regionally and seasonally. We conclude that in order to conserve snow leopards it is also necessary to conserve its main wild species of prey, which will reduce the incidence of losses of livestock.

• MeSH
• Felidae fyziologie   MeSH
• masožravci fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Nepál MeSH