Urbanization is an important driver of the diversity and abundance of tree-associated insect herbivores, but its consequences for insect herbivory are poorly understood. A likely source of variability among studies is the insufficient consideration of intra-urban variability in forest cover. With the help of citizen scientists, we investigated the independent and interactive effects of local canopy cover and percentage of impervious surface on insect herbivory in the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) throughout most of its geographic range in Europe. We found that the damage caused by chewing insect herbivores as well as the incidence of leaf-mining and gall-inducing herbivores consistently decreased with increasing impervious surface around focal oaks. Herbivory by chewing herbivores increased with increasing forest cover, regardless of impervious surface. In contrast, an increase in local canopy cover buffered the negative effect of impervious surface on leaf miners and strengthened its effect on gall inducers. These results show that-just like in non-urban areas-plant-herbivore interactions in cities are structured by a complex set of interacting factors. This highlights that local habitat characteristics within cities have the potential to attenuate or modify the effect of impervious surfaces on biotic interactions.

A N Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia

Applied Ecology Lab Forestry Faculty Ștefan cel Mare University of Suceava Suceava Romania

Azorean Biodiversity Group cE3c Centre for Ecology Evolution and Environmental Changes University of the Azores Azores Portugal

Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Sciences Entomology Institute Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic

Centre for Agroecology Water and Resilience Coventry University Coventry UK

Centro de Estudos Florestais Instituto Superior de Agronomia Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal

CESCO Museum national d'Histoire naturelle CNRS Sorbonne Univ Paris France

Department of Agroecology Flakkebjerg Research Centre Aarhus University Slagelse Denmark

Department of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway University of London Egham UK

Department of Biology University of Turku Turku Finland

Department of Ecology Environment and Plant Sciences Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden

Department of Environmental Systems Science Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland

Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology Mendel University in Brno Brno Czech Republic

Department of Forest Protection Faculty of Forestry University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia

Department of Forest Protection Wood Science and Game Management Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical University St Petersburg Russia

Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg C Denmark

Department of Systematic Zoology Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University Poznan Poland

Dynafor Univ Toulouse INRAE Castanet Tolosan France

Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Aas Norway

Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic

Forest Ecosystems' Research Unit Biodiversity Team Domaine des Barres INRAE Nogent sur Vernisson France

Forest Entomology Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland

Forest Health and Biodiversity Natural Resources Institute Finland Helsinki Finland

Forest Industries Research Centre University of the Sunshine Coast Sippy Downs Australia

Forest Nature Conservation Georg August University Göttingen Göttingen Germany

Forest Nature Conservation Northwest German Forest Research Institute Hann Münden Germany

German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle Jena Leipzig Leipzig Germany

Institute of Biology Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg Halle Germany

Laboratoire EcoSystèmes et Sociétés En Montagne INRAE Univ Grenoble Alpes Saint Martin d'Hères cedex France

Misión Biológica de Galicia Pontevedra Spain

Research Unit ECOBIO UMR 6553 University of Rennes Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Rennes France

Spatial Foodweb Ecology Group Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland

Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS Moulis France

UniLaSalle AGHYLE UP 2018 C101 SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417 Beauvais France

Univ Bordeaux INRAE BIOGECO Cestas France

UR629 Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes INRAE Avignon France

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Effects of climate on leaf phenolics, insect herbivory, and their relationship in pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) across its geographic range in Europe

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