Public awareness and discussion about animal experiments and replacement methods has greatly increased in recent years. The term 'the Three Rs', which stands for the Replacement, Reduction and Refinement of animal experiments, is inseparably linked in this context. A common goal within the Three Rs scientific community is to develop predictive non-animal models and to better integrate all available data from in vitro, in silico and omics technologies into regulatory decision-making processes regarding, for example, the toxicity of chemicals, drugs or food ingredients. In addition, it is a general concern to implement (human) non-animal methods in basic research. Toward these efforts, there has been an ever-increasing number of Three Rs centres and platforms established over recent years - not only to develop novel methods, but also to disseminate knowledge and help to implement the Three Rs principles in policies and education. The adoption of Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes gave a strong impetus to the creation of Three Rs initiatives, in the form of centres and platforms. As the first of a series of papers, this article gives an overview of the European Three Rs centres and platforms, and their historical development. The subsequent articles, to be published over the course of ATLA's 50th Anniversary year, will summarise the current focus and tasks as well as the future and the plans of the Three Rs centres and platforms. The Three Rs centres and platforms are very important points of contact and play an immense role in their respective countries as 'on the ground' facilitators of Directive 2010/63/EU. They are also invaluable for the widespread dissemination of information and for promoting implementation of the Three Rs in general.

Biomedical Research 31475Medical University Graz Austria

Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing Europe 1466University of Konstanz Germany

Centre of Toxicology and Health Safety 37739National Institute of Public Health Prague Czech Republic

Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Charité3R Berlin Germany

Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia Badalona Spain

Comparative Medicine Unit 8809Trinity College Dublin College Green Dublin Ireland

Danmarks 3R Center Glostrup Denmark

Department of Biomedical Research 27271Medical University of Vienna Austria

Department of Information Engineering Universita' di Pisa and Centro 3R Interuniversity Centre for the Promotion of 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research Italy

Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 19032Politecnico di Torino Torino and Centro 3R and Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research Italy

EUSAAT and Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics 31189Centre for Health and Bioresources Vienna Austria

Freie Universität Berlin Department of Veterinary Medicine Institute of Animal Welfare Animal Behaviour and Laboratory Animal Science Berlin Germany

Freie Universität Berlin Institute of Pharmacy Pharmacology and Toxicology Berlin Germany

i3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde 26706Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal

IBMC Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular 26706Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal

Institute for Laboratory Animal Science 9177Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany

Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology 27280Medical University of Innsbruck Austria

Institute of Psychopharmacology Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany

Interfaculty Biomedical Research Facility University Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany

IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine Düsseldorf Germany

Laboratory for Biological Characterisation of Advanced Materials School of Medicine 460510Trinity College Dublin College Green Dublin Ireland

Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology Belvaux Luxembourg

Medical Faculty Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Germany

Medical Research Centre Universitätsmedizin Mannheim Medical Faculty Mannheim University of Heidelberg Mannheim Germany

Ministry of Agriculture Nature and Food Quality The Hague The Netherlands

National Centre for the 3Rs London United Kingdom

National Institute for Public Health and the Environment RIVM BA Bilthoven The Netherlands

Netherlands National Committee for the protection of animals used for scientific purposes The Hague The Netherlands

Norecopa ℅ Norwegian Veterinary Institute Ås Norway

QSAR Lab Ltd Gdańsk Poland

R Centre JLU Giessen Interdisciplinary Centre for 3Rs in Animal Research Giessen Germany

Romanian Center for Alternative Test Methods hosted by the 162275University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine in Cluj Napoca Romania

Rs Centre Department of Population Health Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 8125Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands

Slovak National Platform for 3Rs SNP3Rs Bratislava Slovakia; and Department of Tissue Cultures and Biochemical Engineering Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology Centre of Experimental Medicine SAS 87171Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava Slovakia

Swedish 3Rs Center Swedish Board of Agriculture Jönköping Sweden

Swiss 3RCC Bern Switzerland

TARC force 3R Translational Animal Research Center University Medical Centre Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany

The National Centre for Alternative Methods to Toxicity Assessment 49611Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine Łódź Poland

The National University of Food Technologies Department of Fats Perfumery and Cosmetic Products Technology Kyiv Ukraine

Translational Animal Research Center University Medical Centre Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany

University of Luxembourg Esch sur Alzette Luxembourg

University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Department of Biochemistry and Research Centre for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses Hannover Germany

University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety Research Group Food Toxicology and Alternatives Complementary Methods to Animal Experiments Hannover Germany

Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium

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