One approach for solving the problem of antibiotic resistance and bacterial persistence in biofilms is treatment with metals, including silver in the form of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Green synthesis is an environmentally friendly method to synthesize nanoparticles with a broad spectrum of unique properties that depend on the plant extracts used. AgNPs with antibacterial and antibiofilm effects were obtained using green synthesis from plant extracts of Lagerstroemia indica (AgNPs_LI), Alstonia scholaris (AgNPs_AS), and Aglaonema multifolium (AgNPs_AM). Nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. The ability to quench free radicals and total phenolic content in solution were also evaluated. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs was studied by growth curves as well as using a diffusion test on agar medium plates to determine minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). The effect of AgNPs on bacterial biofilms was evaluated by crystal violet (CV) staining. Average minimum inhibitory concentrations of AgNPs_LI, AgNPs_AS, AgNPs_AM were 15 ± 5, 20 + 5, 20 + 5 μg/mL and 20 ± 5, 15 + 5, 15 + 5 μg/mL against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria, respectively. The E. coli strain formed biofilms in the presence of AgNPs, a less dense biofilm than the S. aureus strain. The highest inhibitory and destructive effect on biofilms was exhibited by AgNPs prepared using an extract from L. indica.

BIOCEV 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University Průmyslová 595 CZ 25250 Vestec Czech Republic

Biosorption and Wastewater Treatment Research Laboratory Department of Chemistry Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences Vaal University of Technology P Bag X021 Vanderbijlpark 1900 South Africa

Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine Toften 24 8610 Mo i Rana Norway

Department of Bioinformatics School of Life Sciences Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences JI Pulomas Barat Kav 88 Jakarta Timur 13210 Indonesia

Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital Prague Ke Karlovu 455 2 CZ 128 08 Prague Czech Republic

Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Division of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses Faculty of Pharmacy Wroclaw Medical University Borowska 211a 50 556 Wroclaw Poland

Department of Pharmacy School of Chemical and Biotechnology SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur 613 401 India

Department of Viticulture and Enology Faculty of Horticulture Mendel University in Brno Valticka 337 CZ 691 44 Lednice Czech Republic

Division of Environment and Sustainability Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Room 4412 Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong China

Research Center for Environmental Monitoring and Modeling University of Science Vietnam National University 334 Nguyen Trai Street Hanoi 100000 Vietnam

School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences Robert Gordon University Garthdee Road Aberdeen AB10 7QB UK

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