Alterations in the human microbiome have been linked to several malignant diseases. Here, we investigated the oral microbiome of 79 patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM) treated with ixazomib-thalidomide-dexamethasone. Increased alpha diversity (Shannon index) at the phylum level was associated with longer progression-free survival (PFS) (10.2 vs 8.5 months, P = .04), particularly in patients with very long (>75% quartile) PFS . Additionally, alpha diversity was lower in patients with progressive disease (P < .05). These findings suggest an interrelationship between the oral microbiome and outcome in patients with MM and encourage a novel direction for diagnostic and/or therapeutic strategies.

Department of Hematology University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany

Department of Hematooncology University Hospital Ostrava Ostrava Czech Republic

Department of Internal Medicine 1 Ordensklinikum Linz BHS EKH Linz Linz Austria

Department of Internal Medicine 3 Kepler Universitätsklinikum GmbH Med Campus 3 Linz Austria

Department of Internal Medicine 3 with Haematology Medical Oncology Hemostaseology Infectiology and Rheumatology Oncologic Center Salzburg Cancer Research Institute Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research Paracelsus Medical University Cancer Cluster Salzburg Salzburg Austria

Department of Internal Medicine 5 Medical University Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria

Department of Laboratory Medicine Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Department of Medicine 1 Hematology with Stem Cell Transplantation Hemostaseology and Medical Oncology Ordensklinikum Linz Elisabethinen Linz Austria

Department of Medicine 1 Wilhelminenspital Vienna Austria

Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology Department of Internal Medicine 2 Würzburg University Medical Center Würzburg Germany

Division of Microbial Ecology Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Innere Medizin 2 LKH Feldkirch Feldkirch Austria

Joint Microbiome Facility Medical University of Vienna and University of Vienna Vienna Austria

University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany

Wilhelminen Cancer Research Institute Vienna Austria

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